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\title{\bf PP \emph{Compilation Techniques for Robust Embedded Systems}}
\author{{\sc Andreas Krall and Jens Knoop}\\
\{andi,knoop\}@complang.tuwien.ac.at
}
\bibliographystyle{unsrt}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
PP leader: \emph{Jens Knoop and Andreas Krall (beide E185.1)}
Associated researchers: \emph{Anton Ertl (E185.1), Bernhard Gramlich (E185.2)}
\subsubsection*{Motivation:}
%\emph{Informal description of the purpose of the PP (3-5 lines)}
Every embedded system consists of software which is written in a high
level language, compiled to machine language and executed on a
processor. For robust embedded systems new verified analysis and
compilation, simulation, and specification methods are necessary to
support the programmer during application development and maintenance
and to optimize for performance, power, space, concurrency and
reliability during compilation.
%for short, new programming and
%compilation techniques for robust embedded systems development and
%deployment.
\subsubsection*{State of the art and related work:}
%\emph{Briefly describe the scientific state of the art (20-30 lines)}
%Compilation Techniques for Reliability
Because of the exponential increase of the number of transistors and
the continuing decrease of the feature sizes of current processors
\emph{soft errors} mainly caused by energetic particles are becoming an
important design issue for robust embedded systems. Blome et
al.~\cite{Blome+06} observed that a majority of faults that affect the
architectural state of a processor come from the register file. Lee
and Shrivastava \cite{LeeShrivastava09a,LeeShrivastava09c} proposed
different solutions to cope with this problem. The first assigns
variables depending on their lifetime to either the ECC protected or
the unprotected part of a register file to balance energy consumption
and reliability \cite{LeeShrivastava09a}. The second spills registers
to ECC protected memory if the register contents are not used for a
long period \cite{LeeShrivastava09c}. There exist complete software
solutions which use different forms of code duplications
\cite{Oh+02a,Reis+05}, which do failure virtualization
\cite{WapplerMueller08} or which use techniques like control flow
checking \cite{Oh+02b}. A complete overview of processor description
languages and generation of compilers and simulators from processor
specifications gives the book of Mishra and Dutt \cite{MishraDutt08}.
A good survey of current instruction set simulators gives our chapter
in the \emph{Handbook of Signal Processing systems} \cite{BrHoKr09}. A
famous instruction set simulator with modelling of energy consumption
is \emph{Wattch} \cite{BrooksTiwariMartonosi00}.
\paragraph{JK}
Methods for \emph{compiler verification} do exist
\cite{Langmaack97a,Po-lncs124,MMO-lncs1283,Goos:99:verifix,Goos:00:ASM,1328444}.
Most notably are the pioneering approaches of the
\emph{ProCoS} \cite{Langmaack96a} and the \emph{Verifix}
\cite{Goerigk-et-al:CC96} projects, and more recently of
the \emph{CompCert} project \cite{CompCert,BDL-fm06,Le-popl06}. There
is also a rich body of work on the related approaches of
\emph{translation validation}
\cite{PSS-tacas98,Ne-pldi00}, \emph{certifying compilation}
\cite{NL-pldi98,Colby-etal-pldi00,BlechPoetzsch07}, and
\emph{proof-carrying code} \cite{Ne-popl97,AF-popl00,FNSG-tlfi07}.
However, an integratedly verified compiler,
which is optimizing and ensures non-functional program properties such
as on time and space ressources required by the compiled program is
still missing.
\emph{Worst-case execution time analysis $($WCET$)$} for real-time systems,
which are often safety-critical, is a vibrant field of research in
academia and industry and of fast growing economical relevance,
especially in the avionics and automotive industry. A survey on
state-of-the-art tools and methods for WCET analysis has recently been
given by Wilhelm et al.~\cite{Wilhelm:TECS2008}. The outcomes of the
WCET Tool Challenges \cite{Gus:ISoLA2006,Holsti:WCET2008}, however,
demonstrate that all these tools have their own strengths and
limitations. In particular, they all rely to some extent on
user-assistance and thus a \emph{trusted information basis} guiding
the WCET analysis \cite{Prantl:WCET2009}.
\paragraph{AK}
Three aspects of program and compiler correctness exist. The verifying
compiler proves properties of the translated program and is a grand challenge
for computing research \cite{Hoare03}. A certified compiler like Verifix is
proven once to do semantically equivalent optimizations and translations
\cite{GlesnerGoosZimmeermann04,GoosZimmermann00}. Translation validation proves
at every compiler run that the translation is correct and was introduced by
Pnueli et al.\ \cite{Pnueli98a,Pnueli98b} and Necula \cite{Necula00}. Until now
some optimizations have been verified, recently lazy code motion
\cite{TristanLeroy09}, instruction scheduling \cite{TristanLeroy08}, or the whole
code generation phase \cite{BlechPoetzsch07}. Another research direction is the
construction of general frameworks for validation \cite{ZaksPnueli08} or
generalizations like parameterized equivalence checking \cite{Kundu+09}.
\subsubsection*{Previous achievements:}
%\emph{Brief description of your own contributions to the related
%scientific state-of-the art (5-10 lines)}
Jens Knoop's research focuses on proven correct and optimal program
analyses and optimizations \cite{Kn-lncs1428}. He is the co-inventor
of the \emph{Lazy Code Motion}
\cite{KRS-pldi92,KRS-retrolcm04,XueK06}, the code-size sensitive
\emph{Sparse Code Motion} \cite{RKS-popl00}, and numerous other
program analyses and optimizations including
\emph{partial dead-code elimination}, \cite{KRS-pldi94}, \emph{partially redundant assignment elimination} \cite{KRS-pldi94}, and \emph{code-size sensitive
speculative code motion} \cite{scholz04}, many of which are now part of
state-of-the-art compilers. Recent research focuses on compiler
support for
\emph{worst-case execution time analysis} for safety-critical
real-time embedded systems
\cite{Prantl:WCET2009,SchrSchoKn09,Prantl:WLPE2008,prantl_et_al:DSP:2008:1661,kirner_et_al:DSP:2008:1657,kirner_et_al:DSP:2007:1197}. He served on $50+$
programme committees of international conferences including PLDI, CC,
TACAS, Formal Methods, and Supercomputing. He was the General Chair of
PLDI'02 and ETAPS'06, and is Programme Committee Co-Chair of PACT'10. He is the
iniator and co-founder of the annual workshop series on
\emph{Compiler Optimization meets Compiler Verification} (since 2002),
co-organizer of 4 Dagstuhl seminars, most recently on \emph{Verifying
Optimizing Compilation}, and a member of the European Network of
Excellence HiPEAC.
%, and the IFIP WG 2.4 \emph{Software Implementation Technology}.
Andreas Krall does research in the area of architecture description
languages and the automatic generation of highly optimizing compilers,
efficient instruction set simulators and hardware from one single
specification of a processor \cite{BrFeKrRi09,BrEbKr07,FaKrHo07,
FarKrStBrand06,Krall+04micro}. An important focus is on optimization
techniques for embedded processors
\cite{EbBrSchKrWiKa08,MeKr07,PrKrHo06,HiKr03} as he lead the Christian
Doppler research laboratory {\em compilation techniques for embedded
processors} with partners from industry (Infineon, OnDemand
Microelectronics).
\subsubsection*{Goals (first 4 years):}
%\emph{Description of the research
%topics to be addressed during the first 4 years. Make sure to explicitly
%stress what the significant additions to the scientific knowledge are,
%and why they are important. (30-40 lines)}
New modeling and representation techniques of non-functional program and system properties on the programming and intermediate language levels
Definitions and measures of non-functional program and system properties (performance, time, space/memory, power, concurrency).
Modeling and representation of these properties alongside with the programming languages semantics
Adapting and enhancing state-of-the-art compilation techniques towards non-functional property and platform awareness
New functional and non-functional property and platform-aware compilation techniques
Analyses for non-functional program and system properties
Functional and non-functional property and platform-aware code generation techniques
Enabling validation and verification throughout the compilation process
Techniques for reducing or eliminating trusted code, annotation, etc., bases
\subsubsection*{Work Plan (first 4 years):}
%\emph{Brief description of how
%you intend to conduct the actual research during the first 4 years. Be sure
%to also describe and (coarsely) quantify the resources (staff, cost of
%special equipment) required for this work in a table. (20-30 lines)}
Compilation techniques for robust embedded systems comprise different areas.
Therefore, the project is divided into three work packages: compilation and
simulation techniques for reliabiltiy, verified compilation and worst case
execution time analysis.
\paragraph*{WP1 - Compilation and Simulation Techniques for Reliability}
In previous work we have developed a processor description language
with a very concise semantics from where we automatically generate
optimized compilers \cite{BrEbKr07} and high efficient instruction set
simulators \cite{BrFeKrRi09}. This environment we use as testbed for
our compiler optimizations for embedded processors
\cite{EbBrSchKrWiKa08,PrKrHo06,MeKr07}. We will extend this
environment to do research on compilation and simulation techniques to
enhance the reliability of processor/memory systems by mixed
hardware/software and pure software techniques.
\begin{itemize}
\item Specification method to specify an energy consumption model in
a processor specification.
\item Specification method for redundancy and error correction in the
processor specification
\item Specification method for fault injection and fault checking in
the processor specification
\item Generation of optimized instruction set simulators from the
extended processor specification
\item Generation of optimizing compilers from the extended processor
specification
\item Research into new compiler optimizations to increase reliability by
pure software solutions, mixed hardware/software solutions and
balancing performance, code space, reliability and energy consumption
\item Research of correctness proofs and validation of the new optimizations
\end{itemize}
\paragraph*{WP2 - Verified Compilation}
Suitable semantics are necessary which support efficient translation
validation or support easy verification of a compiler. We will research
into different semantics and into mappings between the semantics of our
processor description language \cite{BrEbKr07} and a compiler backend
semantics, intermediate representation semantics (compatible to LLVM) and
source language semantics. The main research will be on verification and
translation validation for all kinds of compiler optimizations.
\begin{itemize}
\item Evaluate different semantics regarding suitability for compiler
verification and translation validation, eventually develop new
semantics
\item Develop a translator for an automatic mapping from our processor
description language into verification semantics
\item Develop a validation system from the intermediate representation
(LLVM) to the processor semantics
\item Develop a validation system from the source language (C) to the
intermediate representation (LLVM)
\item Research into verification and translation validation for different
frontend and backend optimizations
\end{itemize}
\paragraph*{WP3 - Worst Case Ececution Time Analysis}
WCET
\begin{tabular}{llll}
\\
\hline
{\bf Pos} & {\bf Type} & {\bf Description} & {\bf Duration} \\
NN1 & PhD & reliable compilation / simulation & 4 years \\
NN2 & PhD & verified compilation & 4 years \\
NN3 & PhD & WCET & 4 years \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\subsubsection*{Goals (last 4 years):}
%\emph{Brief description of the
%eesearch topics to be addressed during the last 4 years. Make sure to
%explicitly stress what the significant additions to the scientific
%knowledge are, and why they are important. (20-30 lines)}
New programming languages and compilers for RESs
Non-functional properties and requirements as first-class language and compiler citizens
New compilation techniques enabling a uniform and integrated approach
for ensuring functional and non-functional program and system requirements
Replacing trust by proof
Certifying compilation, proof-carrying code, translation validation
Verified compilers, verifying compilation for RESs
Making legacy applications fit to and available on RESs
Techniques for adjusting and decompiling legacy applications
\subsubsection*{Collaboration with other PPs:}
%\emph{List the PPs you are expecting to collaborate with, and describe briefly
%the topic and nature of such a collaboration. (10-20 lines)}
\begin{itemize}
\item PP Composition of Non-functional Requirements [I.S.T.A./Henzinger]:
Links to specification and modeling of timing properties, to execution
models, hardware and software models.
\item PP Composition and Predictability in RES Architectures
[E182/Puschner]: Links to hard- and software models for time
predictable systems, verification of timing behaviour.
\item PP Formal Verification for Robustness [E184/Veith]: Links to software
model-checking and testing of code (on source code and intermediate
code levels), support for program analysis and transformation.
\item PP Modeling \& Analysis of Robust Distributed Systems [E182/Schmid]:
Links to functional and non-functional system requirements,
distribution, concurrency.
\end{itemize}
\subsubsection*{External Collaborations:}
%\emph{List envisioned international and national collaborations, and
%describe briefly the topic and nature of such a collaboration. (5-10
%lines)}
\begin{itemize}
\item Sabine Glesner, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany
\item Aviral Shrivastava, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
\item Wolf Zimmermann, Martin-Luther Universit\"at Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
\end{itemize}
\begin{comment}
%Bitte hier die Bibtex-Entries einfuellen, z.B.,
------------------------------------
@article{Hoare,
author = {Tony Hoare},
title = {The verifying compiler: A grand challenge for computing research},
journal = {Journal of the ACM},
volume = {50},
number = {1},
year = {2003},
issn = {0004-5411},
pages = {63--69},
doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/602382.602403},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
}
@article{1328444,
author = {Jean-Baptiste Tristan and Xavier Leroy},
title = {Formal verification of translation validators: a case study on instruction scheduling optimizations},
journal = {SIGPLAN Not.},
volume = {43},
number = {1},
year = {2008},
issn = {0362-1340},
pages = {17--27},
doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1328897.1328444},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
}
@article{1314860,
author = {Jan Olaf Blech and Arnd Poetzsch-Heffter},
title = {A Certifying Code Generation Phase},
journal = {Electron. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci.},
volume = {190},
number = {4},
year = {2007},
issn = {1571-0661},
pages = {65--82},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.entcs.2007.09.008},
publisher = {Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.},
address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands, The Netherlands},
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{LeeShrivastava09,
TITLE = {A Compiler Optimization to Reduce Soft Errors in Register Files},
AUTHOR = {Jongeun Lee and Aviral Shrivastava},
BOOKTITLE = {ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED Conference on Languages, Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems},
EDITOR = {Mahmut Kandemir},
PUBLISHER = {ACM},
PAGES = {??--??},
ADDRESS = {Dublin},
MONTH = {June},
YEAR = {2009},
}
@BOOK{MishraDutt08,
TITLE = {Processor Description Languages},
AUTHOR = {Prabhat Mishra and Nikil Dutt (Editor)},
PUBLISHER = {Morgan Kaufmann},
YEAR = {2008},
}
%Eigene Referenzen ab hier.
@InProceedings{SchrSchoKn09,
TITLE = "Adding Timing-Awareness to {AUTOSAR} Basic-Software - A Component Based Approach",
AUTHOR = "Dietmar Schreiner and Markus Schordan and Jens Knoop",
BOOKTITLE = "12th IEEE International Symposium on Object/component/service-oriented
Real-time distributed Computing (ISORC 2009)",
PUBLISHER = "IEEE",
ADDRESS = "Tokyo, Japan",
YEAR = "2009",
MONTH = "March",
PAGES = "288--292",
}
@inproceedings{Prantl:WLPE2008,
Address = {Udine, Italy},
Author = {Adrian Prantl and Jens Knoop and Markus Schordan and Markus Triska},
Booktitle = {The 18th Workshop on Logic-based methods in Programming Environments (WLPE 2008)},
Month = {December 12},
Title = {Constraint solving for high-level WCET analysis},
Year = {2008},
URL = {http://costa.tuwien.ac.at/papers/wlpe08.pdf}
}
@InProceedings{prantl_et_al:DSP:2008:1661,
author = "Adrian Prantl and Markus Schordan and Jens Knoop",
title = "TuBound - {A} Conceptually New Tool for Worst-Case
Execution Time Analysis",
booktitle = "8th Intl. Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET)
Analysis",
year = "2008",
editor = "Raimund Kirner",
publisher = "Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik,
Germany",
address = "Dagstuhl, Germany",
URL = "http://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2008/1661",
annote = "Keywords: Worst-case execution time (WCET) analysis,
Tool Chain, Flow Constraints, Source-To-Source",
ISBN = "978-3-939897-10-1",
note = "also published in print by Austrian Computer Society
(OCG) under ISBN 978-3-85403-237-3",
}
@InProceedings{kirner_et_al:DSP:2008:1657,
author = "Raimund Kirner and Albrecht Kadlec and Adrian Prantl
and Markus Schordan and Jens Knoop",
title = "Towards a Common {WCET} Annotation Language: Essential
Ingredients",
booktitle = "8th Intl. Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET)
Analysis",
year = "2008",
editor = "Raimund Kirner",
publisher = "Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik,
Germany",
address = "Dagstuhl, Germany",
URL = "http://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2008/1657",
annote = "Keywords: Worst-case execution time (WCET) analysis,
annotation languages, WCET annotation language
challenge",
ISBN = "978-3-939897-10-1",
note = "also published in print by Austrian Computer Society
(OCG) under ISBN 978-3-85403-237-3",
}
@InProceedings{kirner_et_al:DSP:2007:1197,
author = "Raimund Kirner and Jens Knoop and Adrian Prantl and
Markus Schordan and Ingomar Wenzel",
title = "{WCET} Analysis: The Annotation Language Challenge",
booktitle = "7th Intl. Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET)
Analysis",
year = "2007",
editor = "Christine Rochange",
publisher = "Internationales Begegnungs- und Forschungszentrum
f{"u}r Informatik (IBFI), Schloss Dagstuhl, Germany",
address = "Dagstuhl, Germany",
URL = "http://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2007/1197",
annote = "Keywords: Worst-case execution time analysis, WCET,
path description, annotation language challenge,
expressiveness, convenience",
}
@InProceedings{knoop:DSP:2008:1575,
author = {Jens Knoop},
title = {Data-Flow Analysis for Multi-Core Computing Systems: A Reminder to Reverse Data-Flow Analysis},
booktitle = {Scalable Program Analysis},
year = {2008},
editor = {Florian Martin and Hanne Riis Nielson and Claudio Riva and Markus Schordan},
number = {08161},
series = {Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings},
ISSN = {1862-4405},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik, Germany},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {http://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2008/1575},
annote = {Keywords: Multi-core computing systems, scalable program analysis, reverse data-flow analysis, demand-driven data-flow analysis}
}
@InProceedings{conf/cc/XueK06,
title = "A Fresh Look at {PRE} as a Maximum Flow Problem",
author = "Jingling Xue and Jens Knoop",
bibdate = "2006-04-05",
bibsource = "DBLP,
http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/cc/cc2006.html#XueK06",
booktitle = "CC",
booktitle = "Compiler Construction, 15th International Conference,
{CC} 2006, Held as Part of the Joint European
Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, {ETAPS}
2006, Vienna, Austria, March 30-31, 2006, Proceedings",
publisher = "Springer",
year = "2006",
volume = "3923",
editor = "Alan Mycroft and Andreas Zeller",
ISBN = "3-540-33050-X",
pages = "139--154",
series = "Lecture Notes in Computer Science",
URL = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11688839_13",
}
@InProceedings{scholz04,
author = "Bernhard Scholz and Nigel Horspool and Jens Knoop",
title = "Optimizing for space and time usage with speculative
partial redundancy elimination",
booktitle = "LCTES '04: Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED
conference on Languages, Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems",
year = "2004",
ISBN = "1-58113-806-7",
pages = "221--230",
location = "Washington, DC, USA",
publisher = "ACM Press",
}
@InProceedings{HiKr03,
TITLE = "{VLIW} Operation Refinement for Reducing Energy Consumption",
AUTHOR = "Ulrich Hirnschrott and Andreas Krall",
BOOKTITLE = "International Symposium on System-on Chip",
PUBLISHER = "IEEE",
ADDRESS = "Tampere, Finland",
YEAR = "2003",
PAGES = "131--134",
}
@Article{Krall+04micro,
author = {Andreas Krall and Ulrich Hirnschrott and Christian Panis and Ivan Pryanishnikov},
title = {x{DSP}core: {A} {C}ompiler-{B}ased {C}onfigureable {D}igital {S}ignal {P}rocessor},
journal = {IEEE Micro},
year = {2004},
OPTkey = {},
volume = {24},
number = {4},
pages = {67-78},
month = {July/August},
OPTnote = {},
OPTannote = {},
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{FarKrStBrand06,
TITLE = {Effective Compiler Generation by Architecture Description},
AUTHOR = {Stefan Farfeleder and Andreas Krall and Edwin Steiner and Florian Brandner},
BOOKTITLE = {ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED Conference on Languages, Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems},
EDITOR = {Koen De Bosschere},
PUBLISHER = {ACM},
PAGES = {145--152},
ADDRESS = {Ottawa},
MONTH = {June},
YEAR = {2006},
URL = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1134650.1134671},
}
@ARTICLE{PrKrHo06,
AUTHOR = {Ivan Pryanishnikov and Andreas Krall and Nigel Horspool},
TITLE = {Compiler Optimizations for Processors with {SIMD} Instructions},
JOURNAL = {Software---Practice and Experience},
PUBLISHER = {Wiley},
VOLUME = {37},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {93--113},
YEAR = {2007},
URL = {http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112783581/PDFSTART},
}
@ARTICLE{FaKrHo07,
AUTHOR = {Stefan Farfeleder and Andreas Krall and Nigel Horspool},
TITLE = {Ultra Fast Cycle-Accurate Compiled Emulation of Inorder Pipelined Architectures},
JOURNAL = {Journal of Systems Architecture},
PUBLISHER = {Elsevier},
VOLUME = {53},
NUMBER = {8},
PAGES = {501--510},
YEAR = {2007},
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{MeKr07,
TITLE = {Instruction Set Encoding Optimization for Code Size Reduction},
AUTHOR = {Michael Med and Andreas Krall},
BOOKTITLE = {International Conference on Embedded Computer Systems: Architectures, Modeling, and Simulation},
ADDRESS = {Samos, Greece},
PAGES = {9--17},
MONTH = {July},
YEAR = {2007}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{BrEbKr07,
TITLE = {Compiler Generation from Structural Architecture Descriptions},
AUTHOR = {Florian Brandner and Dietmar Ebner and Andreas Krall},
BOOKTITLE = {International Conference on Compilers, Architecture, and Synthesis for Embedded Systems},
ADDRESS = {Salzburg, Austria},
PAGES = {13--22},
MONTH = {September},
YEAR = {2007}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{EbBrSchKrWiKa08,
TITLE = {Generalized Instruction Selection using {SSA}-Graphs},
AUTHOR = {Dietmar Ebner and Florian Brandner and Bernhard Scholz and Andreas Krall and Peter Wiedermann and Albrecht Kadlec},
BOOKTITLE = {ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED Conference on Languages, Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems},
EDITOR = {John Regehr},
PUBLISHER = {ACM},
PAGES = {31--40},
ADDRESS = {Tucson},
MONTH = {June},
YEAR = {2008},
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{BrFeKrRi09,
TITLE = {Fast and Accurate Simulation using the LLVM Compiler Framework},
AUTHOR = {Florian Brandner and Andreas Fellnhofer and Andreas Krall and David Riegler},
BOOKTITLE = {Rapid Simulation and Performance Evaluation: Methods and Tools (RAPIDO'09)},
EDITOR = {Smail Niar, Rainer Leupers, Olivier Temam},
PUBLISHER = {HiPEAC},
PAGES = {1--6},
ADDRESS = {Paphos, Cyprus},
MONTH = {January},
YEAR = {2009},
}
\end{comment}
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