--- gforth/prims2x.fs	2000/12/13 09:51:28	1.53
+++ gforth/prims2x.fs	2005/07/28 19:15:00	1.158
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 \ converts primitives to, e.g., C code 
 
-\ Copyright (C) 1995,1996,1997,1998,2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+\ Copyright (C) 1995,1996,1997,1998,2000,2003,2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 
 \ This file is part of Gforth.
 
@@ -19,7 +19,8 @@
 \ Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
 
 
-\ This is not very nice (hard limits, no checking, assumes 1 chars = 1)
+\ This is not very nice (hard limits, no checking, assumes 1 chars = 1).
+\ And it grew even worse when it aged.
 
 \ Optimizations:
 \ superfluous stores are removed. GCC removes the superfluous loads by itself
@@ -39,26 +40,38 @@
 \ add the store optimization for doubles
 \ regarding problem 1 above: It would be better (for over) to implement
 \ 	the alternative
+\ store optimization for combined instructions.
+
+\ Design Uglyness:
+
+\ - global state (values, variables) in connection with combined instructions.
+
+\ - index computation is different for instruction-stream and the
+\ stacks; there are two mechanisms for dealing with that
+\ (stack-in-index-xt and a test for stack==instruction-stream); there
+\ should be only one.
+
+\ for backwards compatibility, jaw
+require compat/strcomp.fs
 
 warnings off
 
-[IFUNDEF] vocabulary	\ we are executed just with kernel image
-			\ load the rest that is needed
-			\ (require fails because this file is needed from a
-			\ different directory with the wordlibraries)
-include ./search.fs			
-include ./extend.fs
-[THEN]
+\ redefinitions of kernel words not present in gforth-0.6.1
+: latestxt lastcfa @ ;
+: latest last @ ;
 
-[IFUNDEF] environment?
-include ./environ.fs
+[IFUNDEF] try
+include startup.fs
 [THEN]
 
 : struct% struct ; \ struct is redefined in gray
 
-include ./gray.fs
+warnings off
+\ warnings on
 
-100 constant max-effect \ number of things on one side of a stack effect
+include ./gray.fs
+128 constant max-effect \ number of things on one side of a stack effect
+4 constant max-stacks  \ the max. number of stacks (including inst-stream).
 255 constant maxchar
 maxchar 1+ constant eof-char
 #tab constant tab-char
@@ -68,13 +81,46 @@ variable rawinput \ pointer to next char
 variable endrawinput \ pointer to the end of the input (the char after the last)
 variable cookedinput \ pointer to the next char to be parsed
 variable line \ line number of char pointed to by input
-1 line !
+variable line-start \ pointer to start of current line (for error messages)
+0 line !
 2variable filename \ filename of original input file
 0 0 filename 2!
+2variable out-filename \ filename of the output file (for sync lines)
+0 0 out-filename 2!
 2variable f-comment
 0 0 f-comment 2!
 variable skipsynclines \ are sync lines ("#line ...") invisible to the parser?
-skipsynclines on 
+skipsynclines on
+variable out-nls \ newlines in output (for output sync lines)
+0 out-nls !
+variable store-optimization \ use store optimization?
+store-optimization off
+
+variable include-skipped-insts
+\ does the threaded code for a combined instruction include the cells
+\ for the component instructions (true) or only the cells for the
+\ inline arguments (false)
+include-skipped-insts off
+
+variable immarg \ values for immediate arguments (to be used in IMM_ARG macros)
+$12340000 immarg !
+
+: th ( addr1 n -- addr2 )
+    cells + ;
+
+: holds ( addr u -- )
+    \ like HOLD, but for a string
+    tuck + swap 0 +do
+	1- dup c@ hold
+    loop
+    drop ;
+
+: insert-wordlist { c-addr u wordlist xt -- }
+    \ adds name "addr u" to wordlist using defining word xt
+    \ xt may cause additional stack effects
+    get-current >r wordlist set-current
+    c-addr u nextname xt execute
+    r> set-current ;
 
 : start ( -- addr )
  cookedinput @ ;
@@ -82,17 +128,48 @@ skipsynclines on
 : end ( addr -- addr u )
  cookedinput @ over - ;
 
-variable output \ xt ( -- ) of output word
+: print-error-line ( -- )
+    \ print the current line and position
+    line-start @ endrawinput @ over - 2dup nl-char scan drop nip ( start end )
+    over - type cr
+    line-start @ rawinput @ over - typewhite ." ^" cr ;
+
+: ?print-error { f addr u -- }
+    f ?not? if
+	outfile-id >r try
+	    stderr to outfile-id
+	    filename 2@ type ." :" line @ 0 .r ." : " addr u type cr
+	    print-error-line
+	    0
+	recover endtry
+	r> to outfile-id throw
+	1 (bye) \ abort
+    endif ;
+
+: quote ( -- )
+    [char] " emit ;
+
+\ count output lines to generate sync lines for output
+
+: count-nls ( addr u -- )
+    bounds u+do
+	i c@ nl-char = negate out-nls +!
+    loop ;
+
+:noname ( addr u -- )
+    2dup count-nls
+    defers type ;
+is type
 
-: printprim ( -- )
- output @ execute ;
+variable output          \ xt ( -- ) of output word for simple primitives
+variable output-combined \ xt ( -- ) of output word for combined primitives
 
 struct%
+    cell%    field stack-number \ the number of this stack
     cell% 2* field stack-pointer \ stackpointer name
-    cell% 2* field stack-cast \ cast string for assignments to stack elements
+    cell%    field stack-type \ name for default type of stack items
     cell%    field stack-in-index-xt \ ( in-size item -- in-index )
-    cell%    field stack-in  \ number of stack items in effect in
-    cell%    field stack-out \ number of stack items in effect out
+    cell%    field stack-access-transform \ ( nitem -- index )
 end-struct stack%
 
 struct%
@@ -100,6 +177,7 @@ struct%
  cell%    field item-stack  \ descriptor for the stack used, 0 is default
  cell%    field item-type   \ descriptor for the item type
  cell%    field item-offset \ offset in stack items, 0 for the deepest element
+ cell%	  field item-first  \ true if this is the first occurence of the item
 end-struct item%
 
 struct%
@@ -110,59 +188,186 @@ struct%
     cell%    field type-store \ xt of store code generator ( item -- )
 end-struct type%
 
+struct%
+    cell%    field register-number
+    cell%    field register-type \ pointer to type
+    cell% 2* field register-name \ c name
+end-struct register%
+
+struct%
+    cell% 2* field ss-registers  \ addr u; ss-registers[0] is TOS
+                                 \ 0 means: use memory
+    cell%    field ss-offset     \ stack pointer offset: sp[-offset] is TOS
+end-struct ss% \ stack-state
+
+struct%
+    cell%              field state-number
+    cell% max-stacks * field state-sss
+end-struct state%
+
+variable next-stack-number 0 next-stack-number !
+create stacks max-stacks cells allot \ array of stacks
+256 constant max-registers
+create registers max-registers cells allot \ array of registers
+variable nregisters 0 nregisters ! \ number of registers
+variable next-state-number 0 next-state-number ! \ next state number
+
 : stack-in-index ( in-size item -- in-index )
     item-offset @ - 1- ;
 
 : inst-in-index ( in-size item -- in-index )
     nip dup item-offset @ swap item-type @ type-size @ + 1- ;
 
-: make-stack ( addr-ptr u1 addr-cast u2 "stack-name" -- )
+: make-stack ( addr-ptr u1 type "stack-name" -- )
+    next-stack-number @ max-stacks < s" too many stacks" ?print-error
     create stack% %allot >r
-    save-mem r@ stack-cast 2!
+    r@ stacks next-stack-number @ th !
+    next-stack-number @ r@ stack-number !
+    1 next-stack-number +!
+    r@ stack-type !
     save-mem r@ stack-pointer 2! 
-    ['] stack-in-index r> stack-in-index-xt ! ;
+    ['] stack-in-index r@ stack-in-index-xt !
+    ['] noop r@ stack-access-transform !
+    rdrop ;
 
-s" sp" save-mem s" (Cell)" make-stack data-stack 
-s" fp" save-mem s" "       make-stack fp-stack
-s" rp" save-mem s" (Cell)" make-stack return-stack
-s" ip" save-mem s" error don't use # on results" make-stack inst-stream
-' inst-in-index inst-stream stack-in-index-xt !
-\ !! initialize stack-in and stack-out
+: map-stacks { xt -- }
+    \ perform xt ( stack -- ) for all stacks
+    next-stack-number @ 0 +do
+	stacks i th @ xt execute
+    loop ;
+
+: map-stacks1 { xt -- }
+    \ perform xt ( stack -- ) for all stacks except inst-stream
+    next-stack-number @ 1 +do
+	stacks i th @ xt execute
+    loop ;
 
 \ stack items
 
 : init-item ( addr u addr1 -- )
     \ initialize item at addr1 with name addr u
-    \ !! remove stack prefix
+    \ the stack prefix is removed by the stack-prefix
     dup item% %size erase
     item-name 2! ;
 
+: map-items { addr end xt -- }
+    \ perform xt for all items in array addr...end
+    end addr ?do
+	i xt execute
+    item% %size +loop ;
+
+\ types
+
+: print-type-prefix ( type -- )
+    body> >head name>string type ;
+
 \ various variables for storing stuff of one primitive
 
-2variable forth-name
-2variable wordset
-2variable c-name
-2variable doc
-2variable c-code
-2variable forth-code
-2variable stack-string
-create effect-in  max-effect item% %size * allot
-create effect-out max-effect item% %size * allot
-variable effect-in-end ( pointer )
-variable effect-out-end ( pointer )
+struct%
+    cell% 2* field prim-name
+    cell% 2* field prim-wordset
+    cell% 2* field prim-c-name
+    cell% 2* field prim-c-name-orig \ for reprocessed prims, the original name
+    cell% 2* field prim-doc
+    cell% 2* field prim-c-code
+    cell% 2* field prim-forth-code
+    cell% 2* field prim-stack-string
+    cell%    field prim-num            \ ordinal number
+    cell%    field prim-items-wordlist \ unique items
+    item% max-effect * field prim-effect-in
+    item% max-effect * field prim-effect-out
+    cell%    field prim-effect-in-end
+    cell%    field prim-effect-out-end
+    cell% max-stacks * field prim-stacks-in  \ number of in items per stack
+    cell% max-stacks * field prim-stacks-out \ number of out items per stack
+    cell% max-stacks * field prim-stacks-sync \ sync flag per stack
+end-struct prim%
+
+: make-prim ( -- prim )
+    prim% %alloc { p }
+    s" " p prim-doc 2! s" " p prim-forth-code 2! s" " p prim-wordset 2!
+    p ;
+
+0 value prim     \ in combined prims either combined or a part
+0 value combined \ in combined prims the combined prim
+variable in-part \ true if processing a part
+ in-part off
+0 value state-in  \ state on entering prim
+0 value state-out \ state on exiting prim
+0 value state-default  \ canonical state at bb boundaries
+
+: prim-context ( ... p xt -- ... )
+    \ execute xt with prim set to p
+    prim >r
+    swap to prim
+    catch
+    r> to prim
+    throw ;
+
+: prim-c-name-2! ( c-addr u -- )
+    2dup prim prim-c-name 2! prim prim-c-name-orig 2! ;
+
+1000 constant max-combined
+create combined-prims max-combined cells allot
+variable num-combined
+variable part-num \ current part number during process-combined
+
+: map-combined { xt -- }
+    \ perform xt for all components of the current combined instruction
+    num-combined @ 0 +do
+	combined-prims i th @ xt execute
+    loop ;
+
+table constant combinations
+  \ the keys are the sequences of pointers to primitives
+
+create current-depth max-stacks cells allot
+create max-depth     max-stacks cells allot
+create min-depth     max-stacks cells allot
+
+create sp-update-in max-stacks cells allot
+\ where max-depth occured the first time
+create max-depths max-stacks max-combined 1+ * cells allot
+\ maximum depth at start of each part: array[parts] of array[stack]
+create max-back-depths max-stacks max-combined 1+ * cells allot
+\ maximun depth from end of the combination to the start of the each part
+
+: s-c-max-depth ( nstack ncomponent -- addr )
+    max-stacks * + cells max-depths + ;
+
+: s-c-max-back-depth ( nstack ncomponent -- addr )
+    max-stacks * + cells max-back-depths + ;
+
+wordlist constant primitives
+
+: create-prim ( prim -- )
+    dup prim-name 2@ primitives ['] constant insert-wordlist ;
+
+: stack-in ( stack -- addr )
+    \ address of number of stack items in effect in
+    stack-number @ cells prim prim-stacks-in + ;
+
+: stack-out ( stack -- addr )
+    \ address of number of stack items in effect out
+    stack-number @ cells prim prim-stacks-out + ;
+
+: stack-prim-stacks-sync ( stack -- addr )
+    prim prim-stacks-sync swap stack-number @ th ;
+
+\ global vars
 variable c-line
 2variable c-filename
 variable name-line
 2variable name-filename
 2variable last-name-filename
-
-variable primitive-number -10 primitive-number !
 Variable function-number 0 function-number !
-
-\ for several reasons stack items of a word are stored in a wordlist
-\ since neither forget nor marker are implemented yet, we make a new
-\ wordlist for every word and store it in the variable items
-variable items
+Variable function-old 0 function-old !
+: function-diff ( n -- )
+    ." GROUPADD(" function-number @ function-old @ - 0 .r ." )" cr
+    function-number @ function-old ! ;
+: forth-fdiff ( -- )
+    function-number @ function-old @ - 0 .r ."  groupadd" cr
+    function-number @ function-old ! ;
 
 \ a few more set ops
 
@@ -172,190 +377,103 @@ variable items
 : complement ( set1 -- set2 )
  empty ['] bit-equivalent binary-set-operation ;
 
-\ the parser
-
-eof-char max-member \ the whole character set + EOF
+\ forward declaration for inst-stream (breaks cycle in definitions)
+defer inst-stream-f ( -- stack )
 
-: getinput ( -- n )
- rawinput @ endrawinput @ =
- if
-   eof-char
- else
-   cookedinput @ c@
- endif ;
+\ stack access stuff
 
-:noname ( n -- )
- dup bl > if
-  emit space
- else
-  .
- endif ;
-print-token !
+: normal-stack-access0 { n stack -- }
+    \ n has the ss-offset already applied (see ...-access1)
+    n stack stack-access-transform @ execute ." [" 0 .r ." ]" ;
+
+: state-ss { stack state -- ss }
+    state state-sss stack stack-number @ th @ ;
+
+: stack-reg { n stack state -- reg }
+    \ n is the index (TOS=0); reg is 0 if the access is to memory
+    stack state state-ss ss-registers 2@ n u> if ( addr ) \ in ss-registers?
+	n th @
+    else
+	drop 0
+    endif ;
 
-: testchar? ( set -- f )
- getinput member? ;
-' testchar? test-vector !
+: .reg ( reg -- )
+    register-name 2@ type ;
 
-: checksyncline ( -- )
-    \ when input points to a newline, check if the next line is a
-    \ sync line.  If it is, perform the appropriate actions.
-    rawinput @ >r
-    s" #line " r@ over compare 0<> if
-	rdrop 1 line +! EXIT
-    endif
-    0. r> 6 chars + 20 >number drop >r drop line ! r> ( c-addr )
-    dup c@ bl = if
-	char+ dup c@ [char] " <> abort" sync line syntax"
-	char+ dup 100 [char] " scan drop swap 2dup - save-mem filename 2!
-	char+
-    endif
-    dup c@ nl-char <> abort" sync line syntax"
-    skipsynclines @ if
-	dup char+ rawinput !
-	rawinput @ c@ cookedinput @ c!
+: stack-offset ( stack state -- n )
+    \ offset for stack in state
+    state-ss ss-offset @ ;
+
+: normal-stack-access1 { n stack state -- }
+    n stack state stack-reg ?dup-if
+	.reg exit
     endif
-    drop ;
+    stack stack-pointer 2@ type
+    n stack state stack-offset - stack normal-stack-access0 ;
 
-: ?nextchar ( f -- )
-    ?not? if
-	filename 2@ type ." :" line @ 0 .r ." : syntax error, wrong char:"
-	getinput . cr
-	rawinput @ endrawinput @ over - 100 min type cr
-	abort
-    endif
-    rawinput @ endrawinput @ <> if
-	rawinput @ c@
-	1 chars rawinput +!
-	1 chars cookedinput +!
-	nl-char = if
-	    checksyncline
-	endif
-	rawinput @ c@ cookedinput @ c!
+: normal-stack-access ( n stack state -- )
+    over inst-stream-f = if
+	." IMM_ARG(" normal-stack-access1 ." ," immarg ? ." )"
+	1 immarg +!
+    else
+	normal-stack-access1
     endif ;
 
-: charclass ( set "name" -- )
- ['] ?nextchar terminal ;
-
-: .. ( c1 c2 -- set )
- ( creates a set that includes the characters c, c1<=c<=c2 )
- empty copy-set
- swap 1+ rot do
-  i over add-member
- loop ;
-
-: ` ( -- terminal ) ( use: ` c )
- ( creates anonymous terminal for the character c )
- char singleton ['] ?nextchar make-terminal ;
-
-char a char z ..  char A char Z ..  union char _ singleton union  charclass letter
-char 0 char 9 ..					charclass digit
-bl singleton tab-char over add-member			charclass white
-nl-char singleton eof-char over add-member complement	charclass nonl
-nl-char singleton eof-char over add-member
-    char : over add-member complement                   charclass nocolonnl
-bl 1+ maxchar .. char \ singleton complement intersection
-                                                        charclass nowhitebq
-bl 1+ maxchar ..                                        charclass nowhite
-char " singleton eof-char over add-member complement	charclass noquote
-nl-char singleton					charclass nl
-eof-char singleton					charclass eof
-
-
-(( letter (( letter || digit )) **
-)) <- c-ident ( -- )
-
-(( ` # ?? (( letter || digit || ` : )) **
-)) <- stack-ident ( -- )
-
-(( nowhitebq nowhite ** ))
-<- forth-ident ( -- )
-
-Variable forth-flag
-Variable c-flag
-
-(( (( ` f || ` F )) {{ start }} nonl ** 
-   {{ end forth-flag @ IF type cr ELSE 2drop THEN }}
-)) <- forth-comment ( -- )
+: stack-depth { stack -- n }
+    current-depth stack stack-number @ th @ ;
 
-(( (( ` c || ` C )) {{ start }} nonl ** 
-   {{ end c-flag @ IF type cr ELSE 2drop THEN }}
-)) <- c-comment ( -- )
-
-(( ` - nonl ** {{ 
-	forth-flag @ IF ." [ELSE]" cr THEN
-	c-flag @ IF ." #else" cr THEN }}
-)) <- else-comment
-
-(( ` + {{ start }} nonl ** {{ end
-	dup
-	IF	c-flag @
-		IF    ." #ifdef HAS_" bounds ?DO  I c@ toupper emit  LOOP cr
-		THEN
-		forth-flag @
-		IF  ." has? " type ."  [IF]"  cr THEN
-	ELSE	2drop
-	    c-flag @      IF  ." #endif"  cr THEN
-	    forth-flag @  IF  ." [THEN]"  cr THEN
-	THEN }}
-)) <- if-comment
-
-(( (( forth-comment || c-comment || else-comment || if-comment )) ?? nonl ** )) <- comment-body
-
-(( ` \ comment-body nl )) <- comment ( -- )
-
-(( {{ start }} stack-ident {{ end 2 pick init-item item% %size + }} white ** )) **
-<- stack-items
-
-(( {{ effect-in }}  stack-items {{ effect-in-end ! }}
-   ` - ` - white **
-   {{ effect-out }} stack-items {{ effect-out-end ! }}
-)) <- stack-effect ( -- )
-
-(( {{ s" " doc 2! s" " forth-code 2! }}
-   (( {{ line @ name-line ! filename 2@ name-filename 2! }}
-      {{ start }} forth-ident {{ end 2dup forth-name 2! c-name 2! }}  white ++
-      ` ( white ** {{ start }} stack-effect {{ end stack-string 2! }} ` ) white **
-        {{ start }} forth-ident {{ end wordset 2! }} white **
-        (( {{ start }}  c-ident {{ end c-name 2! }} )) ??  nl
-   ))
-   (( ` " ` "  {{ start }} (( noquote ++ ` " )) ++ {{ end 1- doc 2! }} ` " nl )) ??
-   {{ skipsynclines off line @ c-line ! filename 2@ c-filename 2! start }} (( nocolonnl nonl **  nl )) ** {{ end c-code 2! skipsynclines on }}
-   (( ` :  nl
-      {{ start }} (( nonl ++  nl )) ++ {{ end forth-code 2! }}
-   )) ?? {{ printprim }}
-   (( nl || eof ))
-)) <- primitive ( -- )
+: part-stack-access { n stack -- }
+    \ print _<stack><x>, x=inst-stream? n : maxdepth-currentdepth-n-1
+    ." _" stack stack-pointer 2@ type
+    stack stack-number @ { stack# }
+    stack stack-depth n + { access-depth }
+    stack inst-stream-f = if
+	access-depth
+    else
+	combined prim-stacks-in stack# th @
+	assert( dup max-depth stack# th @ = )
+	access-depth - 1-
+    endif
+    0 .r ;
 
-(( (( comment || primitive || nl )) ** eof ))
-parser primitives2something
-warnings @ [IF]
-.( parser generated ok ) cr
-[THEN]
+: part-stack-read { n stack -- }
+    stack stack-depth n + ( ndepth )
+    stack stack-number @ part-num @ s-c-max-depth @
+\    max-depth stack stack-number @ th @ ( ndepth nmaxdepth )
+    over <= if ( ndepth ) \ load from memory
+	stack state-in normal-stack-access
+    else
+	drop n stack part-stack-access
+    endif ;
 
-: primfilter ( file-id xt -- )
-\ fileid is for the input file, xt ( -- ) is for the output word
- output !
- here dup rawinput ! cookedinput !
- here unused rot read-file throw
- dup here + endrawinput !
- allot
- align
- checksyncline
-\ begin
-\     getinput dup eof-char = ?EXIT emit true ?nextchar
-\ again ;
- primitives2something ;
+: stack-diff ( stack -- n )
+    \ in-out
+    dup stack-in @ swap stack-out @ - ;
+
+: part-stack-write { n stack -- }
+    stack stack-depth n +
+    stack stack-number @ part-num @ s-c-max-back-depth @
+    over <= if ( ndepth )
+	stack combined ['] stack-diff prim-context -
+	stack state-out normal-stack-access
+    else
+	drop n stack part-stack-access
+    endif ;
 
-\ types
+: stack-read ( n stack -- )
+    \ print a stack access at index n of stack
+    in-part @ if
+	part-stack-read
+    else
+	state-in normal-stack-access
+    endif ;
 
-: stack-access ( n stack -- )
+: stack-write ( n stack -- )
     \ print a stack access at index n of stack
-    stack-pointer 2@ type
-    dup
-    if
-	." [" 0 .r ." ]"
+    in-part @ if
+	part-stack-write
     else
-	drop ." TOS"
+	state-out normal-stack-access
     endif ;
 
 : item-in-index { item -- n }
@@ -363,84 +481,90 @@ warnings @ [IF]
     item item-stack @ dup >r stack-in @ ( in-size r:stack )
     item r> stack-in-index-xt @ execute ;
 
+: item-stack-type-name ( item -- addr u )
+    item-stack @ stack-type @ type-c-name 2@ ;
+
 : fetch-single ( item -- )
- \ fetch a single stack item from its stack
- >r
- r@ item-name 2@ type
- ."  = (" 
- r@ item-type @ type-c-name 2@ type ." ) "
- r@ item-in-index r@ item-stack @ stack-access
- ." ;" cr
- rdrop ; 
+    \ fetch a single stack item from its stack
+    >r
+    ." vm_" r@ item-stack-type-name type
+    ." 2" r@ item-type @ print-type-prefix ." ("
+    r@ item-in-index r@ item-stack @ stack-read ." ,"
+    r@ item-name 2@ type
+    ." );" cr
+    rdrop ; 
 
 : fetch-double ( item -- )
- \ fetch a double stack item from its stack
- >r
- ." FETCH_DCELL("
- r@ item-name 2@ type ." , "
- r@ item-in-index r@ item-stack @ 2dup stack-access
- ." , "                      -1 under+ stack-access
- ." );" cr
- rdrop ;
+    \ fetch a double stack item from its stack
+    >r
+    ." vm_two"
+    r@ item-stack-type-name type ." 2"
+    r@ item-type @ print-type-prefix ." ("
+    r@ item-in-index r@ item-stack @ 2dup ." (Cell)" stack-read
+    ." , "                      -1 under+ ." (Cell)" stack-read
+    ." , " r@ item-name 2@ type
+    ." )" cr
+    rdrop ;
 
 : same-as-in? ( item -- f )
- \ f is true iff the offset and stack of item is the same as on input
- >r
- r@ item-name 2@ items @ search-wordlist 0=
- abort" bug"
- execute @
- dup r@ =
- if \ item first appeared in output
-   drop false
- else
-   dup  item-stack  @ r@ item-stack  @ = 
-   swap item-offset @ r@ item-offset @ = and
- endif
- rdrop ;
+    \ f is true iff the offset and stack of item is the same as on input
+    >r
+    r@ item-stack @ stack-prim-stacks-sync @ if
+	rdrop false exit
+    endif
+    r@ item-first @ if
+	rdrop false exit
+    endif
+    r@ item-name 2@ prim prim-items-wordlist @ search-wordlist 0= abort" bug"
+    execute @
+    dup r@ =
+    if \ item first appeared in output
+	drop false
+    else
+	dup  item-stack  @ r@ item-stack  @ = 
+	swap item-offset @ r@ item-offset @ = and
+    endif
+    rdrop ;
 
 : item-out-index ( item -- n )
-    \ n is the index of item (in the in-effect)
+    \ n is the index of item (in the out-effect)
     >r r@ item-stack @ stack-out @ r> item-offset @ - 1- ;
 
 : really-store-single ( item -- )
- >r
- r@ item-out-index r@ item-stack @ stack-access ."  = "
- r@ item-stack @ stack-cast 2@ type
- r@ item-name 2@ type ." ;"
- rdrop ;
+    >r
+    ." vm_"
+    r@ item-type @ print-type-prefix ." 2"
+    r@ item-stack-type-name type ." ("
+    r@ item-name 2@ type ." ,"
+    r@ item-out-index r@ item-stack @ stack-write ." );"
+    rdrop ;
 
-: store-single ( item -- )
- >r
- r@ same-as-in?
- if
-   r@ item-in-index 0= r@ item-out-index 0= xor
-   if
-       ." IF_" r@ item-stack @ stack-pointer 2@ type
-       ." TOS(" r@ really-store-single ." );" cr
-   endif
- else
-   r@ really-store-single cr
- endif
- rdrop ;
+: store-single { item -- }
+    item item-stack @ { stack }
+    store-optimization @ in-part @ 0= and item same-as-in? and
+    item item-in-index  stack state-in  stack-reg       \  in reg/mem
+    item item-out-index stack state-out stack-reg = and \ out reg/mem
+    0= if
+	item really-store-single cr
+    endif ;
 
 : store-double ( item -- )
 \ !! store optimization is not performed, because it is not yet needed
  >r
- ." STORE_DCELL(" r@ item-name 2@ type ." , "
- r@ item-out-index r@ item-stack @ 2dup stack-access
- ." , "                       -1 under+ stack-access
- ." );" cr
+ ." vm_"
+ r@ item-type @ print-type-prefix ." 2two"
+ r@ item-stack-type-name type ." ("
+ r@ item-name 2@ type ." , "
+ r@ item-out-index r@ item-stack @ 2dup stack-write
+ ." , "                       -1 under+ stack-write
+ ." )" cr
  rdrop ;
 
+: single ( -- xt1 xt2 n )
+    ['] fetch-single ['] store-single 1 ;
 
-: single-type ( -- xt1 xt2 n stack )
- ['] fetch-single ['] store-single 1 data-stack ;
-
-: double-type ( -- xt1 xt2 n stack )
- ['] fetch-double ['] store-double 2 data-stack ;
-
-: float-type ( -- xt1 xt2 n stack )
- ['] fetch-single ['] store-single 1 fp-stack ;
+: double ( -- xt1 xt2 n )
+    ['] fetch-double ['] store-double 2 ;
 
 : s, ( addr u -- )
 \ allocate a string
@@ -472,17 +596,20 @@ wordlist constant prefixes
     rdrop ;
 
 : type-prefix ( addr u xt1 xt2 n stack "prefix" -- )
-    create-type
+    get-current >r prefixes set-current
+    create-type r> set-current
 does> ( item -- )
     \ initialize item
     { item typ }
     typ item item-type !
     typ type-stack @ item item-stack !default
-    item item-name 2@ items @ search-wordlist 0= if \ new name
-	item item-name 2@ 2dup nextname item declare
-	typ type-c-name 2@ type space type  ." ;" cr
+    item item-name 2@ prim prim-items-wordlist @ search-wordlist 0= if
+	item item-name 2@ nextname item declare
+	item item-first on
+	\ typ type-c-name 2@ type space type  ." ;" cr
     else
 	drop
+	item item-first off
     endif ;
 
 : execute-prefix ( item addr1 u1 -- )
@@ -495,55 +622,146 @@ does> ( item -- )
 	    UNLOOP EXIT
 	endif
 	-1 s+loop
-    \ we did not find a type, abort
-    true abort" unknown prefix" ;
+	\ we did not find a type, abort
+	abort
+    false s" unknown prefix" ?print-error ;
 
 : declaration ( item -- )
     dup item-name 2@ execute-prefix ;
 
+: declaration-list ( addr1 addr2 -- )
+    ['] declaration map-items ;
+
+: declarations ( -- )
+ wordlist dup prim prim-items-wordlist ! set-current
+ prim prim-effect-in prim prim-effect-in-end @ declaration-list
+ prim prim-effect-out prim prim-effect-out-end @ declaration-list ;
+
+: print-declaration { item -- }
+    item item-first @ if
+	item item-type @ type-c-name 2@ type space
+	item item-name 2@ type ." ;" cr
+    endif ;
+
+: print-declarations ( -- )
+    prim prim-effect-in  prim prim-effect-in-end  @ ['] print-declaration map-items
+    prim prim-effect-out prim prim-effect-out-end @ ['] print-declaration map-items ;
+    
 : stack-prefix ( stack "prefix" -- )
+    get-current >r prefixes set-current
     name tuck nextname create ( stack length ) 2,
+    r> set-current
 does> ( item -- )
     2@ { item stack prefix-length }
     item item-name 2@ prefix-length /string item item-name 2!
     stack item item-stack !
     item declaration ;
-    
-: declaration-list ( addr1 addr2 -- )
- swap ?do
-  i declaration
- item% %size +loop ;
 
-: declarations ( -- )
- wordlist dup items ! set-current
- effect-in effect-in-end @ declaration-list
- effect-out effect-out-end @ declaration-list ;
-
-get-current
-prefixes set-current
-
-s" Bool"	single-type type-prefix f
-s" Char"	single-type type-prefix c
-s" Cell"	single-type type-prefix n
-s" Cell"	single-type type-prefix w
-s" UCell"	single-type type-prefix u
-s" DCell"	double-type type-prefix d
-s" UDCell"	double-type type-prefix ud
-s" Float"	float-type  type-prefix r
-s" Cell *"	single-type type-prefix a_
-s" Char *"	single-type type-prefix c_
-s" Float *"	single-type type-prefix f_
-s" DFloat *"	single-type type-prefix df_
-s" SFloat *"	single-type type-prefix sf_
-s" Xt"		single-type type-prefix xt
-s" WID"		single-type type-prefix wid
-s" struct F83Name *"	single-type type-prefix f83name
+: set-prim-stacks-sync ( stack -- )
+    stack-prim-stacks-sync on ;
+
+: clear-prim-stacks-sync ( stack -- )
+    stack-prim-stacks-sync off ;
 
-return-stack stack-prefix R:
-inst-stream  stack-prefix #
 
+get-current prefixes set-current
+: ... ( item -- )
+    \ this "prefix" ensures that the appropriate stack is synced with memory
+    dup item-name 2@ s" ..." str= 0= abort" '...' must end the item name"
+    item-stack @ dup if
+	set-prim-stacks-sync
+    else \ prefixless "..." syncs all stacks
+	drop ['] set-prim-stacks-sync map-stacks1
+    endif ;
 set-current
 
+create ...-item ( -- addr ) \ just used for letting stack-prefixes work on it
+item% %allot                \ stores the stack temporarily until used by ...
+
+: init-item1 ( addr1 addr u -- addr2 )
+    \ initialize item at addr1 with name addr u, next item is at addr2
+    \ !! make sure that any mention of "..." is only stack-prefixed
+    2dup s" ..." search nip nip if ( addr1 addr u )
+	0 ...-item item-stack ! \ initialize to prefixless
+	2dup ...-item item-name 2!
+	...-item rot rot execute-prefix ( addr1 )
+    else
+	2 pick init-item item% %size +
+    endif ;
+
+\ types pointed to by stacks for use in combined prims
+\ !! output-c-combined shouldn't use these names!
+: stack-type-name ( addr u "name" -- )
+    single 0 create-type ;
+
+wordlist constant type-names \ this is here just to meet the requirement
+                    \ that a type be a word; it is never used for lookup
+
+: define-type ( addr u -- xt )
+    \ define single type with name addr u, without stack
+    get-current type-names set-current >r
+    2dup nextname stack-type-name
+    r> set-current
+    latestxt ;
+
+: stack ( "name" "stack-pointer" "type" -- )
+    \ define stack
+    name { d: stack-name }
+    name { d: stack-pointer }
+    name { d: stack-type }
+    stack-type define-type
+    stack-pointer rot >body stack-name nextname make-stack ;
+
+stack inst-stream IP Cell
+' inst-in-index inst-stream stack-in-index-xt !
+' inst-stream <is> inst-stream-f
+\ !! initialize stack-in and stack-out
+
+\ registers
+
+: make-register ( type addr u -- )
+    \ define register with type TYPE and name ADDR U.
+    nregisters @ max-registers < s" too many registers" ?print-error
+    2dup nextname create register% %allot >r
+    r@ register-name 2!
+    r@ register-type !
+    nregisters @ r@ register-number !
+    1 nregisters +!
+    rdrop ;
+
+: register ( "name" "type" -- )
+    \ define register
+    name { d: reg-name }
+    name { d: reg-type }
+    reg-type define-type >body
+    reg-name make-register ;
+
+\ stack-states
+
+: stack-state ( a-addr u uoffset "name" -- )
+    create ss% %allot >r
+    r@ ss-offset !
+    r@ ss-registers 2!
+    rdrop ;
+
+0 0 0 stack-state default-ss
+
+\ state
+
+: state ( "name" -- )
+    \ create a state initialized with default-sss
+    create state% %allot { s }
+    next-state-number @ s state-number ! 1 next-state-number +!
+    max-stacks 0 ?do
+	default-ss s state-sss i th !
+    loop ;
+
+: .state ( state -- )
+    0 >body - >name .name ;
+
+: set-ss ( ss stack state -- )
+    state-sss swap stack-number @ th ! ;
+
 \ offset computation
 \ the leftmost (i.e. deepest) item has offset 0
 \ the rightmost item has the highest offset
@@ -554,67 +772,165 @@ set-current
     item item-stack @ xt execute dup @ >r +!
     r> item item-offset ! ;
 
-: compute-list ( addr1 addr2 xt -- )
-    { xt }
-    swap u+do
-	i xt compute-offset
-    item% %size +loop ;
+: compute-offset-in ( addr1 addr2 -- )
+    ['] stack-in compute-offset ;
 
-: clear-stack { -- }
-    dup stack-in off stack-out off ;
+: compute-offset-out ( addr1 addr2 -- )
+    ['] stack-out compute-offset ;
 
 : compute-offsets ( -- )
-    data-stack clear-stack  fp-stack clear-stack return-stack clear-stack
-    inst-stream clear-stack
-    effect-in  effect-in-end  @ ['] stack-in  compute-list
-    effect-out effect-out-end @ ['] stack-out compute-list
-    inst-stream stack-out @ 0<> abort" # can only be on the input side" ;
-
-: flush-a-tos { stack -- }
-    stack stack-out @ 0<> stack stack-in @ 0= and
-    if
-	." IF_" stack stack-pointer 2@ 2dup type ." TOS("
-	2dup type ." [0] = " type ." TOS);" cr
-    endif ;
-
-: flush-tos ( -- )
-    data-stack   flush-a-tos
-    fp-stack     flush-a-tos
-    return-stack flush-a-tos ;
-
-: fill-a-tos { stack -- }
-    stack stack-out @ 0= stack stack-in @ 0<> and
-    if
-	." IF_" stack stack-pointer 2@ 2dup type ." TOS("
-	2dup type ." TOS = " type ." [0]);" cr
-    endif ;
+    prim prim-stacks-in  max-stacks cells erase
+    prim prim-stacks-out max-stacks cells erase
+    prim prim-effect-in  prim prim-effect-in-end  @ ['] compute-offset-in  map-items
+    prim prim-effect-out prim prim-effect-out-end @ ['] compute-offset-out map-items
+    inst-stream stack-out @ 0= s" # can only be on the input side" ?print-error ;
+
+: init-simple { prim -- }
+    \ much of the initialization is elsewhere
+    ['] clear-prim-stacks-sync map-stacks ;
+
+: process-simple ( -- )
+    prim prim { W^ key } key cell
+    combinations ['] constant insert-wordlist
+    declarations compute-offsets
+    output @ execute ;
+
+: stack-state-items ( stack state -- n )
+    state-ss ss-registers 2@ nip ;
+
+: unused-stack-items { stack -- n-in n-out }
+    \ n-in  are the stack items in state-in  not used    by prim
+    \ n-out are the stack items in state-out not written by prim
+    stack state-in  stack-state-items stack stack-in  @ - 0 max
+    stack state-out stack-state-items stack stack-out @ - 0 max ;
+
+: spill-stack-items { stack -- u }
+    \ there are u items to spill in stack
+    stack unused-stack-items
+    stack stack-prim-stacks-sync @ if
+	drop 0
+    endif
+    swap - ;
+
+: spill-stack { stack -- }
+    \ spill regs of state-in that are not used by prim and are not in state-out
+    stack state-in stack-offset { offset }
+    stack state-in stack-state-items ( items )
+    dup stack spill-stack-items + +do
+	\ loop through the bottom items
+	stack stack-pointer 2@ type
+	i offset - stack normal-stack-access0 ."  = "
+	i stack state-in normal-stack-access1 ." ;" cr
+    loop ;
+
+: spill-state ( -- )
+    ['] spill-stack map-stacks1 ;
+
+: fill-stack-items { stack -- u }
+    \ there are u items to fill in stack
+    stack unused-stack-items
+    stack stack-prim-stacks-sync @ if
+	swap drop 0 swap
+    endif
+    - ;
+
+: fill-stack { stack -- }
+    stack state-out stack-offset { offset }
+    stack state-out stack-state-items ( items )
+    dup stack fill-stack-items + +do
+	\ loop through the bottom items
+	i stack state-out normal-stack-access1 ."  = "
+	stack stack-pointer 2@ type
+	i offset - stack normal-stack-access0 ." ;" cr
+    loop ;
 
-: fill-tos ( -- )
+: fill-state ( -- )
     \ !! inst-stream for prefetching?
-    fp-stack     fill-a-tos
-    data-stack   fill-a-tos
-    return-stack fill-a-tos ;
+    ['] fill-stack map-stacks1 ;
 
 : fetch ( addr -- )
- dup item-type @ type-fetch @ execute ;
+    dup item-type @ type-fetch @ execute ;
 
 : fetches ( -- )
- effect-in-end @ effect-in ?do
-   i fetch
- item% %size +loop ; 
+    prim prim-effect-in prim prim-effect-in-end @ ['] fetch map-items ;
+
+: reg-reg-move ( reg-from reg-to -- )
+    2dup = if
+	2drop
+    else
+	.reg ."  = " .reg ." ;" cr
+    endif ;
+
+: stack-bottom-reg { n stack state -- reg }
+    stack state stack-state-items n - 1- stack state stack-reg ;
+
+: stack-moves { stack -- }
+    \ generate moves between registers in state-in/state-out that are
+    \ not spilled or consumed/produced by prim.
+    \ !! this works only for a simple stack cache, not e.g., for
+    \ rotating stack caches, or registers shared between stacks (the
+    \ latter would also require a change in interface)
+    \ !! maybe place this after NEXT_P1?
+    stack unused-stack-items 2dup < if ( n-in n-out )
+	\ move registers from 0..n_in-1 to n_out-n_in..n_out-1
+	over - { diff } ( n-in )
+	-1 swap 1- -do
+	    i stack state-in stack-bottom-reg ( reg-from )
+	    i diff + stack state-out stack-bottom-reg reg-reg-move
+	1 -loop
+    else
+	\ move registers from n_in-n_out..n_in-1 to 0..n_out-1
+	swap over - { diff } ( n-out )
+	0 +do
+	    i diff + stack state-in stack-bottom-reg ( reg-from )
+	    i stack state-out stack-bottom-reg reg-reg-move
+	loop
+    endif ;
+
+: stack-update-transform ( n1 stack -- n2 )
+    \ n2 is the number by which the stack pointer should be
+    \ incremented to pop n1 items
+    stack-access-transform @ dup >r execute
+    0 r> execute - ;
+
+: update-stack-pointer { stack n -- }
+    n if \ this check is not necessary, gcc would do this for us
+	stack inst-stream = if
+	    ." INC_IP(" n 0 .r ." );" cr
+	else
+	    stack stack-pointer 2@ type ."  += "
+	    n stack stack-update-transform 0 .r ." ;" cr
+	endif
+    endif ;
 
 : stack-pointer-update { stack -- }
-    \ stack grow downwards
-    stack stack-in @ stack stack-out @ -
-    ?dup-if \ this check is not necessary, gcc would do this for us
-	stack stack-pointer 2@ type ."  += " 0 .r ." ;" cr
+    \ and moves
+    \ stacks grow downwards
+    stack stack-prim-stacks-sync @ if
+	stack stack-in @
+	stack state-in  stack-offset -
+	stack swap update-stack-pointer
+    else
+	stack stack-diff ( in-out )
+	stack state-in  stack-offset -
+	stack state-out stack-offset + ( [in-in_offset]-[out-out_offset] )
+	stack swap update-stack-pointer
+	stack stack-moves
     endif ;
 
 : stack-pointer-updates ( -- )
-    inst-stream  stack-pointer-update
-    data-stack   stack-pointer-update
-    fp-stack     stack-pointer-update
-    return-stack stack-pointer-update ;
+    ['] stack-pointer-update map-stacks ;
+
+: stack-pointer-update2 { stack -- }
+    stack stack-prim-stacks-sync @ if
+	stack state-out stack-offset
+	stack stack-out @ -
+	stack swap update-stack-pointer
+    endif ;
+
+: stack-pointer-updates2 ( -- )
+    \ update stack pointers after C code, where necessary
+    ['] stack-pointer-update2 map-stacks ;
 
 : store ( item -- )
 \ f is true if the item should be stored
@@ -622,107 +938,300 @@ set-current
  dup item-type @ type-store @ execute ;
 
 : stores ( -- )
- effect-out-end @ effect-out ?do
-   i store
- item% %size +loop ; 
+    prim prim-effect-out prim prim-effect-out-end @ ['] store map-items ;
 
-: output-c-tail ( -- )
-    \ the final part of the generated C code
-    ." NEXT_P1;" cr
-    stores
-    fill-tos
+: print-debug-arg { item -- }
+    ." fputs(" quote space item item-name 2@ type ." =" quote ." , vm_out); "
+    ." printarg_" item item-type @ print-type-prefix
+    ." (" item item-name 2@ type ." );" cr ;
+    
+: print-debug-args ( -- )
+    ." #ifdef VM_DEBUG" cr
+    ." if (vm_debug) {" cr
+    prim prim-effect-in prim prim-effect-in-end @ ['] print-debug-arg map-items
+\    ." fputc('\n', vm_out);" cr
+    ." }" cr
+    ." #endif" cr ;
+
+: print-debug-result { item -- }
+    item item-first @ if
+	item print-debug-arg
+    endif ;
+
+: print-debug-results ( -- )
+    cr
+    ." #ifdef VM_DEBUG" cr
+    ." if (vm_debug) {" cr
+    ." fputs(" quote ."  -- " quote ." , vm_out); "
+    prim prim-effect-out prim prim-effect-out-end @ ['] print-debug-result map-items
+    ." fputc('\n', vm_out);" cr
+    ." }" cr
+    ." #endif" cr ;
+
+: output-super-end ( -- )
+    prim prim-c-code 2@ s" SET_IP" search if
+	." SUPER_END;" cr
+    endif
+    2drop ;
+
+
+defer output-nextp0
+:noname ( -- )
+    ." NEXT_P0;" cr ;
+is output-nextp0
+
+defer output-nextp1
+:noname ( -- )
+    ." NEXT_P1;" cr ;
+is output-nextp1
+
+: output-nextp2 ( -- )
     ." NEXT_P2;" cr ;
 
-: type-c ( c-addr u -- )
-    \ like TYPE, but replaces "TAIL;" with tail code
+variable tail-nextp2 \ xt to execute for printing NEXT_P2 in INST_TAIL
+' output-nextp2 tail-nextp2 !
+
+: output-label2 ( -- )
+    ." LABEL2(" prim prim-c-name 2@ type ." )" cr
+    ." NEXT_P1_5;" cr
+    ." LABEL3(" prim prim-c-name 2@ type ." )" cr
+    ." DO_GOTO;" cr ;
+
+: output-c-tail1 { xt -- }
+    \ the final part of the generated C code, with xt printing LABEL2 or not.
+    output-super-end
+    print-debug-results
+    output-nextp1
+    stack-pointer-updates2
+    stores
+    fill-state 
+    xt execute ;
+
+: output-c-vm-jump-tail ( -- )
+    \ !! this functionality not yet implemented for superinstructions
+    output-super-end
+    print-debug-results
+    stores
+    fill-state 
+    ." LABEL2(" prim prim-c-name 2@ type ." )" cr
+    ." LABEL3(" prim prim-c-name 2@ type ." )" cr
+    ." DO_GOTO;" cr ;
+
+: output-c-tail1-no-stores { xt -- }
+    \ the final part of the generated C code for combinations
+    output-super-end
+    output-nextp1
+    fill-state 
+    xt execute ;
+
+: output-c-tail ( -- )
+    tail-nextp2 @ output-c-tail1 ;
+
+: output-c-tail2 ( -- )
+    prim prim-c-code 2@ s" VM_JUMP(" search nip nip if
+	output-c-vm-jump-tail
+    else
+	['] output-label2 output-c-tail1
+    endif ;
+
+: output-c-tail-no-stores ( -- )
+    tail-nextp2 @ output-c-tail1-no-stores ;
+
+: output-c-tail2-no-stores ( -- )
+    ['] output-label2 output-c-tail1-no-stores ;
+
+: type-c-code ( c-addr u xt -- )
+    \ like TYPE, but replaces "INST_TAIL;" with tail code produced by xt
+    { xt }
+    ." {" cr
+    ." #line " c-line @ . quote c-filename 2@ type quote cr
     begin ( c-addr1 u1 )
-	2dup s" TAIL;" search
+	2dup s" INST_TAIL;" search
     while ( c-addr1 u1 c-addr3 u3 )
 	2dup 2>r drop nip over - type
-	output-c-tail
-	2r> 5 /string
+	xt execute
+	2r> 10 /string
 	\ !! resync #line missing
     repeat
-    2drop type ;
-
-: output-c ( -- ) 
- ." I_" c-name 2@ type ." :	/* " forth-name 2@ type ."  ( " stack-string 2@ type ." ) */" cr
- ." /* " doc 2@ type ."  */" cr
- ." NAME(" [char] " emit forth-name 2@ type [char] " emit ." )" cr \ debugging
- ." {" cr
- ." DEF_CA" cr
- declarations
- compute-offsets \ for everything else
- ." NEXT_P0;" cr
- flush-tos
- fetches
- stack-pointer-updates
- ." {" cr
- ." #line " c-line @ . [char] " emit c-filename 2@ type [char] " emit cr
- c-code 2@ type-c
- ." }" cr
- output-c-tail
- ." }" cr
- cr
+    2drop type
+    ." #line " out-nls @ 2 + . quote out-filename 2@ type quote cr
+    ." }" cr ;
+
+: print-entry ( -- )
+    ." LABEL(" prim prim-c-name 2@ type ." )" ;
+
+: prim-type ( addr u -- )
+    \ print out a primitive, but avoid "*/"
+    2dup s" */" search  nip nip  IF
+	bounds ?DO  I c@ dup '* = IF  drop 'x  THEN  emit  LOOP
+    ELSE  type  THEN ;
+
+: output-c ( -- )
+    print-entry ."  /* " prim prim-name 2@ prim-type
+    ."  ( " prim prim-stack-string 2@ type ." ) "
+    state-in .state ." -- " state-out .state ."  */" cr
+    ." /* " prim prim-doc 2@ type ."  */" cr
+    ." NAME(" quote prim prim-name 2@ type quote ." )" cr \ debugging
+    ." {" cr
+    ." DEF_CA" cr
+    print-declarations
+    output-nextp0
+    spill-state
+    fetches
+    print-debug-args
+    stack-pointer-updates
+    prim prim-c-code 2@ ['] output-c-tail type-c-code
+    output-c-tail2
+    ." }" cr
+    cr
 ;
 
+: disasm-arg { item -- }
+    item item-stack @ inst-stream = if
+	." {" cr
+	item print-declaration
+	item fetch
+	item print-debug-arg
+	." }" cr
+    endif ;
+
+: disasm-args ( -- )
+    prim prim-effect-in prim prim-effect-in-end @ ['] disasm-arg map-items ;
+
+: output-disasm ( -- )
+    \ generate code for disassembling VM instructions
+    ." if (VM_IS_INST(*ip, " function-number @ 0 .r ." )) {" cr
+    ."   fputs(" quote prim prim-name 2@ type quote ." , vm_out);" cr
+    disasm-args
+    ."   ip += " inst-stream stack-in @ 1+ 0 .r ." ;" cr
+    ."   goto _endif_;" cr
+    ." }" cr ;
+
+: output-profile ( -- )
+    \ generate code for postprocessing the VM block profile stuff
+    ." if (VM_IS_INST(*ip, " function-number @ 0 .r ." )) {" cr
+    ."   add_inst(b, " quote prim prim-name 2@ type quote ." );" cr
+    ."   ip += " inst-stream stack-in @ 1+ 0 .r ." ;" cr
+    prim prim-c-code 2@  s" SET_IP"    search nip nip
+    prim prim-c-code 2@  s" SUPER_END" search nip nip or if
+	."   return;" cr
+    else
+	."   goto _endif_;" cr
+    endif
+    ." }" cr ;
+
+: output-profile-part ( p )
+    ."   add_inst(b, " quote
+    prim-name 2@ type
+    quote ." );" cr ;
+    
+: output-profile-combined ( -- )
+    \ generate code for postprocessing the VM block profile stuff
+    ." if (VM_IS_INST(*ip, " function-number @ 0 .r ." )) {" cr
+    ['] output-profile-part map-combined
+    ."   ip += " inst-stream stack-in @ 1+ 0 .r ." ;" cr
+    combined-prims num-combined @ 1- th @ prim-c-code 2@  s" SET_IP"    search nip nip
+    combined-prims num-combined @ 1- th @ prim-c-code 2@  s" SUPER_END" search nip nip or if
+	."   return;" cr
+    else
+	."   goto _endif_;" cr
+    endif
+    ." }" cr ;
+
+: prim-branch? { prim -- f }
+    \ true if prim is a branch or super-end
+    prim prim-c-code 2@  s" SET_IP" search nip nip 0<> ;
+
+: output-superend ( -- )
+    \ output flag specifying whether the current word ends a dynamic superinst
+    prim prim-branch?
+    prim prim-c-code 2@  s" SUPER_END" search nip nip 0<> or
+    prim prim-c-code 2@  s" SUPER_CONTINUE" search nip nip 0= and
+    negate 0 .r ." , /* " prim prim-name 2@ prim-type ."  */" cr ;
+
+: gen-arg-parm { item -- }
+    item item-stack @ inst-stream = if
+	." , " item item-type @ type-c-name 2@ type space
+	item item-name 2@ type
+    endif ;
+
+: gen-args-parm ( -- )
+    prim prim-effect-in prim prim-effect-in-end @ ['] gen-arg-parm map-items ;
+
+: gen-arg-gen { item -- }
+    item item-stack @ inst-stream = if
+	."   genarg_" item item-type @ print-type-prefix
+        ." (ctp, " item item-name 2@ type ." );" cr
+    endif ;
+
+: gen-args-gen ( -- )
+    prim prim-effect-in prim prim-effect-in-end @ ['] gen-arg-gen map-items ;
+
+: output-gen ( -- )
+    \ generate C code for generating VM instructions
+    ." void gen_" prim prim-c-name 2@ type ." (Inst **ctp" gen-args-parm ." )" cr
+    ." {" cr
+    ."   gen_inst(ctp, vm_prim[" function-number @ 0 .r ." ]);" cr
+    gen-args-gen
+    ." }" cr ;
+
 : stack-used? { stack -- f }
     stack stack-in @ stack stack-out @ or 0<> ;
 
 : output-funclabel ( -- )
-  1 function-number +!
-  ." &I_" c-name 2@ type ." ," cr ;
+  ." &I_" prim prim-c-name 2@ type ." ," cr ;
 
 : output-forthname ( -- )
-  1 function-number +!
-  '" emit forth-name 2@ type '" emit ." ," cr ;
+  '" emit prim prim-name 2@ type '" emit ." ," cr ;
 
-: output-c-func ( -- )
-\ used for word libraries
-    1 function-number +!
-    ." Cell * I_" c-name 2@ type ." (Cell *SP, Cell **FP)      /* " forth-name 2@ type
-    ."  ( " stack-string 2@ type ."  ) */" cr
-    ." /* " doc 2@ type ."  */" cr
-    ." NAME(" [char] " emit forth-name 2@ type [char] " emit ." )" cr
-    \ debugging
-    ." {" cr
-    declarations
-    compute-offsets \ for everything else
-    inst-stream  stack-used? IF ." Cell *ip=IP;" cr THEN
-    data-stack   stack-used? IF ." Cell *sp=SP;" cr THEN
-    fp-stack     stack-used? IF ." Cell *fp=*FP;" cr THEN
-    return-stack stack-used? IF ." Cell *rp=*RP;" cr THEN
-    flush-tos
-    fetches
-    stack-pointer-updates
-    fp-stack   stack-used? IF ." *FP=fp;" cr THEN
-    ." {" cr
-    ." #line " c-line @ . [char] " emit c-filename 2@ type [char] " emit cr
-    c-code 2@ type
-    ." }" cr
-    stores
-    fill-tos
-    ." return (sp);" cr
-    ." }" cr
-    cr ;
+\  : output-c-func ( -- )
+\  \ used for word libraries
+\      ." Cell * I_" prim prim-c-name 2@ type ." (Cell *SP, Cell **FP)      /* " prim prim-name 2@ type
+\      ."  ( " prim prim-stack-string 2@ type ."  ) */" cr
+\      ." /* " prim prim-doc 2@ type ."  */" cr
+\      ." NAME(" quote prim prim-name 2@ type quote ." )" cr
+\      \ debugging
+\      ." {" cr
+\      print-declarations
+\      \ !! don't know what to do about that
+\      inst-stream  stack-used? IF ." Cell *ip=IP;" cr THEN
+\      data-stack   stack-used? IF ." Cell *sp=SP;" cr THEN
+\      fp-stack     stack-used? IF ." Cell *fp=*FP;" cr THEN
+\      return-stack stack-used? IF ." Cell *rp=*RP;" cr THEN
+\      spill-state
+\      fetches
+\      stack-pointer-updates
+\      fp-stack   stack-used? IF ." *FP=fp;" cr THEN
+\      ." {" cr
+\      ." #line " c-line @ . quote c-filename 2@ type quote cr
+\      prim prim-c-code 2@ type
+\      ." }" cr
+\      stores
+\      fill-state
+\      ." return (sp);" cr
+\      ." }" cr
+\      cr ;
 
 : output-label ( -- )  
-    ." (Label)&&I_" c-name 2@ type ." ," cr
-    -1 primitive-number +! ;
+    ." INST_ADDR(" prim prim-c-name 2@ type ." )," cr ;
 
 : output-alias ( -- ) 
-    ( primitive-number @ . ." alias " ) ." Primitive " forth-name 2@ type cr
-    -1 primitive-number +! ;
+    ( primitive-number @ . ." alias " ) ." Primitive " prim prim-name 2@ type cr ;
+
+defer output-c-prim-num ( -- )
+
+:noname ( -- )
+    ." N_" prim prim-c-name 2@ type ." ," cr ;
+is output-c-prim-num
 
 : output-forth ( -- )  
-    forth-code @ 0=
+    prim prim-forth-code @ 0=
     IF    	\ output-alias
 	\ this is bad for ec: an alias is compiled if tho word does not exist!
 	\ JAW
-    ELSE  ." : " forth-name 2@ type ."   ( "
-	stack-string 2@ type ." )" cr
-	forth-code 2@ type cr
-	-1 primitive-number +!
+    ELSE  ." : " prim prim-name 2@ type ."   ( "
+	prim prim-stack-string 2@ type ." )" cr
+	prim prim-forth-code 2@ type cr
     THEN ;
 
 : output-tag-file ( -- )
@@ -735,34 +1244,708 @@ set-current
 
 : output-tag ( -- )
     output-tag-file
-    forth-name 2@ 1+ type
+    prim prim-name 2@ 1+ type
     127 emit
-    space forth-name 2@ type space
+    space prim prim-name 2@ type space
     1 emit
     name-line @ 0 .r
     ." ,0" cr ;
 
+: output-vi-tag ( -- )
+    name-filename 2@ type #tab emit
+    prim prim-name 2@ type #tab emit
+    ." /^" prim prim-name 2@ type ."  *(/" cr ;
+
 [IFDEF] documentation
 : register-doc ( -- )
-    get-current documentation set-current
-    forth-name 2@ nextname create
-    forth-name 2@ 2,
-    stack-string 2@ condition-stack-effect 2,
-    wordset 2@ 2,
-    c-name 2@ condition-pronounciation 2,
-    doc 2@ 2,
-    set-current ;
+    prim prim-name 2@ documentation ['] create insert-wordlist
+    prim prim-name 2@ 2,
+    prim prim-stack-string 2@ condition-stack-effect 2,
+    prim prim-wordset 2@ 2,
+    prim prim-c-name 2@ condition-pronounciation 2,
+    prim prim-doc 2@ 2, ;
 [THEN]
 
-: process-file ( addr u xt -- )
-    >r
-    2dup filename 2!
-    0 function-number !
-    r/o open-file abort" cannot open file"
+
+\ combining instructions
+
+\ The input should look like this:
+
+\ lit_+ = lit +
+
+\ The output should look like this:
+
+\  I_lit_+:
+\  {
+\  DEF_CA
+\  Cell _x_ip0;
+\  Cell _x_sp0;
+\  Cell _x_sp1;
+\  NEXT_P0;
+\  _x_ip0 = (Cell) IPTOS;
+\  _x_sp0 = (Cell) spTOS;
+\  INC_IP(1);
+\  /* sp += 0; */
+\  /* lit ( #w -- w ) */
+\  /*  */
+\  NAME("lit")
+\  {
+\  Cell w;
+\  w = (Cell) _x_ip0;
+\  #ifdef VM_DEBUG
+\  if (vm_debug) {
+\  fputs(" w=", vm_out); printarg_w (w);
+\  fputc('\n', vm_out);
+\  }
+\  #endif
+\  {
+\  #line 136 "./prim"
+\  }
+\  _x_sp1 = (Cell)w;
+\  }
+\  I_plus:	/* + ( n1 n2 -- n ) */
+\  /*  */
+\  NAME("+")
+\  {
+\  DEF_CA
+\  Cell n1;
+\  Cell n2;
+\  Cell n;
+\  NEXT_P0;
+\  n1 = (Cell) _x_sp0;
+\  n2 = (Cell) _x_sp1;
+\  #ifdef VM_DEBUG
+\  if (vm_debug) {
+\  fputs(" n1=", vm_out); printarg_n (n1);
+\  fputs(" n2=", vm_out); printarg_n (n2);
+\  fputc('\n', vm_out);
+\  }
+\  #endif
+\  {
+\  #line 516 "./prim"
+\  n = n1+n2;
+\  }
+\  _x_sp0 = (Cell)n;
+\  }
+\  NEXT_P1;
+\  spTOS = (Cell)_x_sp0;
+\  NEXT_P2;
+
+: init-combined ( -- )
+    prim to combined
+    0 num-combined !
+    current-depth max-stacks cells erase
+    include-skipped-insts @ current-depth 0 th !
+    max-depth     max-stacks cells erase
+    min-depth     max-stacks cells erase
+    prim prim-effect-in  prim prim-effect-in-end  !
+    prim prim-effect-out prim prim-effect-out-end ! ;
+
+: max! ( n addr -- )
+    tuck @ max swap ! ;
+
+: min! ( n addr -- )
+    tuck @ min swap ! ;
+
+: inst-stream-adjustment ( nstack -- n )
+    \ number of stack items to add for each part
+    0= include-skipped-insts @ and negate ;
+
+: add-depths { p -- }
+    \ combine stack effect of p with *-depths
+    max-stacks 0 ?do
+	current-depth i th @
+	p prim-stacks-in  i th @ + i inst-stream-adjustment +
+	dup max-depth i th max!
+	p prim-stacks-out i th @ -
+	dup min-depth i th min!
+	current-depth i th !
+    loop ;
+
+: copy-maxdepths ( n -- )
+    max-depth max-depths rot max-stacks * th max-stacks cells move ;
+
+: add-prim ( addr u -- )
+    \ add primitive given by "addr u" to combined-prims
+    primitives search-wordlist s" unknown primitive" ?print-error
+    execute { p }
+    p combined-prims num-combined @ th !
+    num-combined @ copy-maxdepths
+    1 num-combined +!
+    p add-depths
+    num-combined @ copy-maxdepths ;
+
+: compute-effects { q -- }
+    \ compute the stack effects of q from the depths
+    max-stacks 0 ?do
+	max-depth i th @ dup
+	q prim-stacks-in i th !
+	current-depth i th @ -
+	q prim-stacks-out i th !
+    loop ;
+
+: make-effect-items { stack# items effect-endp -- }
+    \ effect-endp points to a pointer to the end of the current item-array
+    \ and has to be updated
+    stacks stack# th @ { stack }
+    items 0 +do
+	effect-endp @ { item }
+	i 0 <# #s stack stack-pointer 2@ holds [char] _ hold #> save-mem
+	item item-name 2!
+	stack item item-stack !
+	stack stack-type @ item item-type !
+	i item item-offset !
+	item item-first on
+	item% %size effect-endp +!
+    loop ;
+
+: init-effects { q -- }
+    \ initialize effects field for FETCHES and STORES
+    max-stacks 0 ?do
+	i q prim-stacks-in  i th @ q prim-effect-in-end  make-effect-items
+	i q prim-stacks-out i th @ q prim-effect-out-end make-effect-items
+    loop ;
+
+: compute-stack-max-back-depths ( stack -- )
+    stack-number @ { stack# }
+    current-depth stack# th @ dup
+    dup stack# num-combined @ s-c-max-back-depth !
+    -1 num-combined @ 1- -do ( max-depth current-depth )
+	combined-prims i th @ { p }
+	p prim-stacks-out stack# th @ +
+	dup >r max r>
+	over stack# i s-c-max-back-depth !
+	p prim-stacks-in stack# th @ -
+	stack# inst-stream-adjustment -
+    1 -loop
+    assert( dup stack# inst-stream-adjustment negate = )
+    assert( over max-depth stack# th @ = )
+    2drop ;
+
+: compute-max-back-depths ( -- )
+    \ compute max-back-depths.
+    \ assumes that current-depths is correct for the end of the combination
+    ['] compute-stack-max-back-depths map-stacks ;
+
+: process-combined ( -- )
+    combined combined-prims num-combined @ cells
+    combinations ['] constant insert-wordlist
+    combined-prims num-combined @ 1- th ( last-part )
+    @ prim-c-code 2@ prim prim-c-code 2! \ used by output-super-end
+    prim compute-effects
+    prim init-effects
+    compute-max-back-depths
+    output-combined perform ;
+
+\ reprocessing (typically to generate versions for another cache states)
+\ !! use prim-context
+
+variable reprocessed-num 0 reprocessed-num !
+
+: new-name ( -- c-addr u )
+    reprocessed-num @ 0
+    1 reprocessed-num +!
+    <# #s 'p hold '_ hold #> save-mem ;
+
+: reprocess-simple ( prim -- )
+    to prim
+    new-name prim prim-c-name 2!
+    output @ execute ;
+
+: lookup-prim ( c-addr u -- prim )
+    primitives search-wordlist 0= -13 and throw execute ;
+
+: state-prim1 { in-state out-state prim -- }
+    in-state out-state state-default dup d= ?EXIT
+    in-state  to state-in
+    out-state to state-out
+    prim reprocess-simple ;
+
+: state-prim ( in-state out-state "name" -- )
+    parse-word lookup-prim state-prim1 ;
+
+\ reprocessing with default states
+
+\ This is a simple scheme and should be generalized
+\ assumes we only cache one stack and use simple states for that
+
+0 value cache-stack  \ stack that we cache
+2variable cache-states \ states of the cache, starting with the empty state
+
+: compute-default-state-out ( n-in -- n-out )
+    \ for the current prim
+    cache-stack stack-in @ - 0 max
+    cache-stack stack-prim-stacks-sync @ if
+	drop 0
+    endif
+    cache-stack stack-out @ + cache-states 2@ nip 1- min ;
+
+: gen-prim-states ( prim -- )
+    to prim
+    cache-states 2@ swap { states } ( nstates )
+    cache-stack stack-in @ +do
+	states i th @
+	states i compute-default-state-out th @
+	prim state-prim1
+    loop ;
+
+: prim-states ( "name" -- )
+    parse-word lookup-prim gen-prim-states ;
+
+: gen-branch-states ( prim -- )
+    \ generate versions that produce state-default; useful for branches
+    to prim
+    cache-states 2@ swap { states } ( nstates )
+    cache-stack stack-in @ +do
+	states i th @ state-default prim state-prim1
+    loop ;
+
+: branch-states ( out-state "name" -- )
+    parse-word lookup-prim gen-branch-states ;
+
+\ producing state transitions
+
+: gen-transitions ( "name" -- )
+    parse-word lookup-prim { prim }
+    cache-states 2@ { states nstates }
+    nstates 0 +do
+	nstates 0 +do
+	    i j <> if
+		states i th @ states j th @ prim state-prim1
+	    endif
+	loop
+    loop ;
+
+\ C output
+
+: print-item { n stack -- }
+    \ print nth stack item name
+    stack stack-type @ type-c-name 2@ type space
+    ." MAYBE_UNUSED _" stack stack-pointer 2@ type n 0 .r ;
+
+: print-declarations-combined ( -- )
+    max-stacks 0 ?do
+	max-depth i th @ min-depth i th @ - 0 +do
+	    i stacks j th @ print-item ." ;" cr
+	loop
+    loop ;
+
+: part-fetches ( -- )
+    fetches ;
+
+: part-output-c-tail ( -- )
+    print-debug-results
+    stores ;
+
+: output-combined-tail ( -- )
+    part-output-c-tail
+    in-part @ >r in-part off
+    combined ['] output-c-tail-no-stores prim-context
+    r> in-part ! ;
+
+: part-stack-pointer-updates ( -- )
+    next-stack-number @ 0 +do
+	i part-num @ 1+ s-c-max-depth @ dup
+	i num-combined @ s-c-max-depth @ =    \ final depth
+	swap i part-num @ s-c-max-depth @ <> \ just reached now
+	part-num @ 0= \ first part
+	or and if
+	    stacks i th @ stack-pointer-update
+	endif
+    loop ;
+
+: output-part ( p -- )
+    to prim
+    ." /* " prim prim-name 2@ prim-type ."  ( " prim prim-stack-string 2@ type ." ) */" cr
+    ." NAME(" quote prim prim-name 2@ type quote ." )" cr \ debugging
+    ." {" cr
+    print-declarations
+    part-fetches
+    print-debug-args
+    combined ['] part-stack-pointer-updates prim-context
+    1 part-num +!
+    prim add-depths \ !! right place?
+    prim prim-c-code 2@ ['] output-combined-tail type-c-code
+    part-output-c-tail
+    ." }" cr ;
+
+: output-parts ( -- )
+    prim >r in-part on
+    current-depth max-stacks cells erase
+    0 part-num !
+    ['] output-part map-combined
+    in-part off
+    r> to prim ;
+
+: output-c-combined ( -- )
+    print-entry cr
+    \ debugging messages just in parts
+    ." {" cr
+    ." DEF_CA" cr
+    print-declarations-combined
+    output-nextp0
+    spill-state
+    \ fetches \ now in parts
+    \ print-debug-args
+    \ stack-pointer-updates now in parts
+    output-parts
+    output-c-tail2-no-stores
+    ." }" cr
+    cr ;
+
+: output-forth-combined ( -- )
+;
+
+
+\ peephole optimization rules
+
+\ data for a simple peephole optimizer that always tries to combine
+\ the currently compiled instruction with the last one.
+
+\ in order for this to work as intended, shorter combinations for each
+\ length must be present, and the longer combinations must follow
+\ shorter ones (this restriction may go away in the future).
+  
+: output-peephole ( -- )
+    combined-prims num-combined @ 1- cells combinations search-wordlist
+    s" the prefix for this superinstruction must be defined earlier" ?print-error
+    ." {"
+    execute prim-num @ 5 .r ." ,"
+    combined-prims num-combined @ 1- th @ prim-num @ 5 .r ." ,"
+    combined prim-num @ 5 .r ." }, /* "
+    combined prim-c-name 2@ type ."  */"
+    cr ;
+
+
+\ cost and superinstruction data for a sophisticated combiner (e.g.,
+\ shortest path)
+
+\ This is intended as initializer for a structure like this
+
+\  struct cost {
+\    char loads;       /* number of stack loads */
+\    char stores;      /* number of stack stores */
+\    char updates;     /* number of stack pointer updates */
+\    char branch;      /* is it a branch (SET_IP) */
+\    char state_in;    /* state on entry */
+\    char state_out;   /* state on exit */
+\    short offset;     /* offset into super2 table */
+\    char length;      /* number of components */
+\  };
+
+\ How do you know which primitive or combined instruction this
+\ structure refers to?  By the order of cost structures, as in most
+\ other cases.
+
+: super2-length ( -- n )
+    combined if
+	num-combined @
+    else
+	1
+    endif ;
+
+: compute-costs { p -- nloads nstores nupdates }
+    \ compute the number of loads, stores, and stack pointer updates
+    \ of a primitive or combined instruction; does not take TOS
+    \ caching into account
+    0 max-stacks 0 +do
+	p prim-stacks-in i th @ +
+    loop
+    super2-length 1- - \ don't count instruction fetches of subsumed insts
+    0 max-stacks 0 +do
+	p prim-stacks-out i th @ +
+    loop
+    0 max-stacks 1 +do \ don't count ip updates, therefore "1 +do"
+	p prim-stacks-in i th @ p prim-stacks-out i th @ <> -
+    loop ;
+
+: output-num-part ( p -- )
+    ." N_" prim-c-name-orig 2@ type ." ," ;
+    \ prim-num @ 4 .r ." ," ;
+
+: output-name-comment ( -- )
+    ."  /* " prim prim-name 2@ prim-type ."  */" ;
+
+variable offset-super2  0 offset-super2 ! \ offset into the super2 table
+
+: output-costs-prefix ( -- )
+    ." {" prim compute-costs
+    rot 2 .r ." ," swap 2 .r ." ," 2 .r ." , "
+    prim prim-branch? negate . ." ,"
+    state-in  state-number @ 2 .r ." ,"
+    state-out state-number @ 2 .r ." ,"
+    inst-stream stack-in @ 1 .r ." ,"
+;
+
+: output-costs-gforth-simple ( -- )
+    output-costs-prefix
+    prim output-num-part
+    1 2 .r ." },"
+    output-name-comment
+    cr ;
+
+: output-costs-gforth-combined ( -- )
+    output-costs-prefix
+    ." N_START_SUPER+" offset-super2 @ 5 .r ." ,"
+    super2-length dup 2 .r ." }," offset-super2 +!
+    output-name-comment
+    cr ;
+
+\  : output-costs ( -- )
+\      \ description of superinstructions and simple instructions
+\      ." {" prim compute-costs
+\      rot 2 .r ." ," swap 2 .r ." ," 2 .r ." ,"
+\      offset-super2 @ 5 .r ." ,"
+\      super2-length dup 2 .r ." ," offset-super2 +!
+\      inst-stream stack-in @ 1 .r ." },"
+\      output-name-comment
+\      cr ;
+
+: output-super2-simple ( -- )
+    prim prim-c-name 2@ prim prim-c-name-orig 2@ d= if
+	prim output-num-part
+	output-name-comment
+	cr
+    endif ;   
+  
+: output-super2-combined ( -- )
+    ['] output-num-part map-combined 
+    output-name-comment
+    cr ;   
+
+\ the parser
+
+eof-char max-member \ the whole character set + EOF
+
+: getinput ( -- n )
+ rawinput @ endrawinput @ =
+ if
+   eof-char
+ else
+   cookedinput @ c@
+ endif ;
+
+:noname ( n -- )
+ dup bl > if
+  emit space
+ else
+  .
+ endif ;
+print-token !
+
+: testchar? ( set -- f )
+ getinput member? ;
+' testchar? test-vector !
+
+: checksynclines ( -- )
+    \ when input points to a newline, check if the next line is a
+    \ sync line.  If it is, perform the appropriate actions.
+    rawinput @ begin >r
+	s" #line " r@ over compare if
+	    rdrop 1 line +! EXIT
+	endif
+	0. r> 6 chars + 20 >number drop >r drop line ! r> ( c-addr )
+	dup c@ bl = if
+	    char+ dup c@ [char] " <> 0= s" sync line syntax" ?print-error
+	    char+ dup 100 [char] " scan drop swap 2dup - save-mem filename 2!
+	    char+
+	endif
+	dup c@ nl-char <> 0= s" sync line syntax" ?print-error
+	skipsynclines @ if
+	    char+ dup rawinput !
+	    rawinput @ c@ cookedinput @ c!
+	endif
+    again ;
+
+: ?nextchar ( f -- )
+    s" syntax error, wrong char" ?print-error
+    rawinput @ endrawinput @ <> if
+	rawinput @ c@
+	1 chars rawinput +!
+	1 chars cookedinput +!
+	nl-char = if
+	    checksynclines
+	    rawinput @ line-start !
+	endif
+	rawinput @ c@
+	cookedinput @ c!
+    endif ;
+
+: charclass ( set "name" -- )
+ ['] ?nextchar terminal ;
+
+: .. ( c1 c2 -- set )
+ ( creates a set that includes the characters c, c1<=c<=c2 )
+ empty copy-set
+ swap 1+ rot do
+  i over add-member
+ loop ;
+
+: ` ( -- terminal ) ( use: ` c )
+ ( creates anonymous terminal for the character c )
+ char singleton ['] ?nextchar make-terminal ;
+
+char a char z ..  char A char Z ..  union char _ singleton union  charclass letter
+char 0 char 9 ..					charclass digit
+bl singleton tab-char over add-member			charclass white
+nl-char singleton eof-char over add-member complement	charclass nonl
+nl-char singleton eof-char over add-member
+    char : over add-member complement                   charclass nocolonnl
+nl-char singleton eof-char over add-member
+    char } over add-member complement                   charclass nobracenl
+bl 1+ maxchar .. char \ singleton complement intersection
+                                                        charclass nowhitebq
+bl 1+ maxchar ..                                        charclass nowhite
+char " singleton eof-char over add-member complement	charclass noquote
+nl-char singleton					charclass nl
+eof-char singleton					charclass eof
+nl-char singleton eof-char over add-member		charclass nleof
+
+(( letter (( letter || digit )) **
+)) <- c-ident ( -- )
+
+(( ` . ` . ` .
+)) <- sync-stack ( -- )
+
+(( ` # ?? (( letter || digit || ` : )) ++ sync-stack ??
+|| sync-stack
+)) <- stack-ident ( -- )
+
+(( nowhitebq nowhite ** ))
+<- forth-ident ( -- )
+
+Variable forth-flag
+Variable c-flag
+
+(( (( ` e || ` E )) {{ start }} nonl ** 
+   {{ end evaluate }}
+)) <- eval-comment ( ... -- ... )
+
+(( (( ` f || ` F )) {{ start }} nonl ** 
+   {{ end forth-flag @ IF type cr ELSE 2drop THEN }}
+)) <- forth-comment ( -- )
+
+(( (( ` c || ` C )) {{ start }} nonl ** 
+   {{ end c-flag @ IF type cr ELSE 2drop THEN }}
+)) <- c-comment ( -- )
+
+(( ` - nonl ** {{ 
+	forth-flag @ IF forth-fdiff ." [ELSE]" cr THEN
+	c-flag @ IF
+	    function-diff
+	    ." #else /* " function-number @ 0 .r ."  */" cr THEN }}
+)) <- else-comment
+
+(( ` + {{ start }} nonl ** {{ end
+	dup
+	IF	c-flag @
+	    IF
+		function-diff
+		." #ifdef HAS_" bounds ?DO  I c@ toupper emit  LOOP cr
+		THEN
+		forth-flag @
+		IF  forth-fdiff  ." has? " type ."  [IF]"  cr THEN
+	ELSE	2drop
+	    c-flag @      IF
+		function-diff  ." #endif" cr THEN
+	    forth-flag @  IF  forth-fdiff  ." [THEN]"  cr THEN
+	THEN }}
+)) <- if-comment
+
+(( (( ` g || ` G )) {{ start }} nonl **
+   {{ end
+      forth-flag @ IF  forth-fdiff  ." group " type cr  THEN
+      c-flag @     IF  function-diff
+	  ." GROUP(" type ." , " function-number @ 0 .r ." )" cr  THEN }}
+)) <- group-comment
+
+(( (( eval-comment || forth-comment || c-comment || else-comment || if-comment || group-comment )) ?? nonl ** )) <- comment-body
+
+(( ` \ comment-body nleof )) <- comment ( -- )
+
+(( {{ start }} stack-ident {{ end init-item1 }} white ** )) **
+<- stack-items ( addr1 -- addr2 )
+
+(( {{ prim prim-effect-in }}  stack-items {{ prim prim-effect-in-end ! }}
+   ` - ` - white **
+   {{ prim prim-effect-out }} stack-items {{ prim prim-effect-out-end ! }}
+)) <- stack-effect ( -- )
+
+(( {{ prim create-prim prim init-simple }}
+   ` ( white ** {{ start }} stack-effect {{ end prim prim-stack-string 2! }} ` ) white **
+   (( {{ start }} forth-ident {{ end prim prim-wordset 2! }} white **
+      (( {{ start }}  c-ident {{ end 2dup prim-c-name-2! }} )) ??
+   )) ??  nleof
+   (( ` " ` "  {{ start }} (( noquote ++ ` " )) ++ {{ end 1- prim prim-doc 2! }} ` " white ** nleof )) ??
+   {{ skipsynclines off line @ c-line ! filename 2@ c-filename 2! start }}
+   (( (( ` { nonl ** nleof (( (( nobracenl {{ line @ drop }} nonl ** )) ?? nleof )) ** ` } white ** nleof white ** ))
+   || (( nocolonnl nonl **  nleof white ** )) ** ))
+   {{ end prim prim-c-code 2! skipsynclines on }}
+   (( ` :  white ** nleof
+      {{ start }} (( nonl ++  nleof white ** )) ++ {{ end prim prim-forth-code 2! }}
+   )) ?? {{ process-simple }}
+   nleof
+)) <- simple-primitive ( -- )
+
+(( {{ init-combined }}
+   ` = white ** (( {{ start }} forth-ident {{ end add-prim }} white ** )) ++
+   nleof {{ process-combined }}
+)) <- combined-primitive
+
+(( {{ make-prim to prim 0 to combined
+      line @ name-line ! filename 2@ name-filename 2!
+      function-number @ prim prim-num !
+      start }} [ifdef] vmgen c-ident [else] forth-ident [then] {{ end
+      2dup prim prim-name 2! prim-c-name-2! }}  white **
+   (( ` / white ** {{ start }} c-ident {{ end prim-c-name-2! }} white ** )) ??
+   (( simple-primitive || combined-primitive ))
+   {{ 1 function-number +! }}
+)) <- primitive ( -- )
+
+(( (( comment || primitive || nl white ** )) ** eof ))
+parser primitives2something
+warnings @ [IF]
+.( parser generated ok ) cr
+[THEN]
+
+
+\ run with gforth-0.5.0 (slurp-file is missing)
+[IFUNDEF] slurp-file
+: slurp-file ( c-addr1 u1 -- c-addr2 u2 )
+    \ c-addr1 u1 is the filename, c-addr2 u2 is the file's contents
+    r/o bin open-file throw >r
+    r@ file-size throw abort" file too large"
+    dup allocate throw swap
+    2dup r@ read-file throw over <> abort" could not read whole file"
+    r> close-file throw ;
+[THEN]
+
+: primfilter ( addr u -- )
+    \ process the string at addr u
+    over dup rawinput ! dup line-start ! cookedinput !
+    + endrawinput !
+    checksynclines
+    primitives2something ;    
+
+: unixify ( c-addr u1 -- c-addr u2 )
+    \ delete crs from the string
+    bounds tuck tuck ?do ( c-addr1 )
+	i c@ dup #cr <> if
+	    over c! char+
+	else
+	    drop
+	endif
+    loop
+    over - ;
+
+: process-file ( addr u xt-simple x-combined -- )
+    output-combined ! output !
+    save-mem 2dup filename 2!
+    slurp-file unixify
     warnings @ if
 	." ------------ CUT HERE -------------" cr  endif
-    r> primfilter ;
+    primfilter ;
 
-: process      ( xt -- )
-    bl word count rot
-    process-file ;
+\  : process      ( xt -- )
+\      bl word count rot
+\      process-file ;